How do you raise cows? Scientific management is very important!

Milk is nutritious and suitable for long-term drinking, and it is also an important raw material for modern dairy industry. Dairy cow is a dairy breed of yellow cattle, which has been highly selected and bred, but it needs scientific breeding management in order to produce high-quality milk. So, how do you raise cows? Scientific management is very important!

1. Variety selection

Chinese black and white dairy cow is the highest milk yield, the largest quantity and the most widely distributed dairy cow breed in China. Under general feeding conditions, the lactation period is 270,305 days, the milk yield is about 4500 kg, and the average milk fat rate is 3.4%. At the same time, it has strong adaptability, long utilization life and stable genetic performance.

2. Construction of cowshed

According to the farmer courtyard structure, the cowshed can be built in the free area, the brick structure is appropriate, the general farmer cow feeding scale of 7 is more appropriate, together with the feed trough and feeding channel can build 75 square meters, if there is open space for sports grounds, the doors and windows of the house should be reasonable to ensure cool ventilation in summer, not damp, and heat preservation facilities should be adopted in winter. The dung and urine ditch in the barn should be unobstructed. Green hay, wheat straw and so on can be stacked and stored, and can be selected in the outdoor free area. Corn silage kiln can be built outdoors. If there is no playground in the courtyard, cattle can be driven to outdoor activities regularly to ensure adequate exercise.

3. Feeding and management

(1) dry milk period (stop milking until 15 days before delivery)

The diet should be based on high-quality green hay, and fed with an appropriate amount of green, root feed and concentrate, concentrate feeding should not be excessive, the general mixed concentrate is about 2.5 kg. In the later stage of dry milk, it is necessary to increase dietary nutrition and reduce the amount of calcium in mixed concentrate in order to meet the postpartum needs of dairy cows. At this stage, the feed ratio of fine and coarse feed should be about 3 ∶ 7.

(2) Perinatal period (within 15 days before and after delivery)

Before giving birth, cows should gradually increase the amount of concentrate feeding, but the maximum amount of concentrate feeding should not exceed 1% of cow weight (for cows with severe breast edema before delivery, concentrate should not be fed more), and salt should be reduced to prevent cow constipation. After delivery, drink 10-20 kg of hot bran and salt-calcium soup (500 grams of wheat bran, 50 grams of salt, 50 grams of calcium carbonate) to help the cow recover its strength and expel the placenta as soon as possible. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus was adjusted to 3 ∶ 1 within 1 week after delivery.

(3) the peak period of lactation (within 16 to 100 days after delivery)

The nutritional needs at this stage are partly to restore the physique and, more importantly, to meet the needs of milk production. When the cows reached the peak of lactation at 4-6 weeks after delivery, the cows could be fed with high-quality hay and adequate drinking water from 5 to 7 days after delivery, and the concentrate was increased by 0.5 kg per day, and the feeding level was 1.2 times that of the feeding standard. until the milk yield no longer increases, and then start normal feeding. At this time, the amount of concentrate feed should be 2.5kg of basic feed, and 1 kg of concentrate should be increased for every 2.5kg of milk, and the ratio of concentrate to roughage is 5 ∶ 5.

(4) the middle stage of lactation (101-200 days after delivery)

At this stage, the feed intake of dairy cows increased, the amount of concentrate should be reduced compared with the previous stage, the ratio of concentrate to roughage was 4 ∶ 6, and the intake of dry matter could reach 3.5% to 4.5% of body weight. During this period, the milk yield of dairy cows decreased steadily, with a monthly decrease of 5% to 7%, so various effective measures should be taken to make the decline of milk production as slow as possible.

(5) late stage of lactation (201 days after delivery to before dry period)

At this stage, the milk yield of dairy cows has decreased significantly (8%-12% per month), the concentrate feed should be appropriately reduced, and the ratio of concentrate to roughage should be about 35 ∶ 65. However, the concentrate supply should be increased by about 1 kg about 1 month before dry milk to ensure that the nutrition needed for fetal development can be met.

(6) calf feeding period (1 ~ 6 months postpartum)

Calves should be fed colostrum within 1-2 hours after birth with a feeding amount of not less than 1 kg and 10-15 kg per day during lactation. Calves can be trained to feed on special concentrate and high-quality soft hay and silage 7 days after birth, and weaning can be considered when calves can eat about 1 kg of starting feed every day. Generally, calves can be weaned when they grow to about 3 months.

(7) feeding period of adult cattle (7 ~ 18 months after delivery)

At this stage, the rumen capacity of breeding cattle is greatly increased, and the ability of using green roughage is significantly improved, so breeders should make use of this favorable opportunity to strengthen feeding in order to obtain greater daily gain. The daily concentrate feed is about 2.5 kg, and the roughage is eaten freely. Under normal feeding conditions, 12-month-old cows begin to show estrus. 18-month-old cattle can weigh up to 300 kilograms, 350 kilograms and 125 centimeters high.

4. Disease prevention and treatment

Once the cow is sick, contact the local veterinary station in time and ask the experienced veterinarian to make a careful diagnosis to determine whether it is a common disease or an infectious disease.

In the process of raising dairy cows, the scientific proportion of their feed is one of the keys to produce good milk. In addition, the cost of raising dairy cows is high and the investment is large, so producers should allocate the limited funds reasonably in order to achieve the best results.