Science Popularization outline for the Development of Potato staple Food products and Industry

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

June 2015

I. Origin and spread of potatoes

1. The Origin, spread and consumption of Potato abroad

The origin and global spread of potatoes: at present, there are two recognized centers for the origin of potatoes in the world: potato cultivars originated in the center of the basin at the border between Peru and Bolivia, and regions such as Peru and Bolivia in South America along the Andes and Uruguay. Wild species originated in Central America and Mexico.

The spread of potato around the world, first from South America to Europe, has two routes: one is that the Spaniard Valdevii brought tubers to Spain in 1551 and introduced them to the king, introduced and planted in the south in 1570, and then spread to most countries in Europe and some countries and regions in Asia. The other is that in 1588-1593, potatoes were introduced to England and planted throughout the British Isles and Nordic countries, and then to the colonies of Great Britain and North America.

The situation of eating potatoes abroad: foreign potato food consumption accounts for a large proportion, and the processing industry is more developed. In Europe and the United States and other developed countries, potatoes are mostly consumed in the form of staple food, and are favored by consumers, and have become one of the indispensable foods in daily life. The output and consumption of potato processed products in the United States account for about 76% of the total output, and there are more than 90 kinds of potato food. Potato food can be found everywhere in the market. The average annual consumption of potato food in this country is 30 kg. In addition, the processing used to process into starch, feed and alcohol has accounted for about 85% of potato production. At present, there are more than 100 kinds of processed products based on potatoes in the United States. Russia's annual per capita potato consumption is 100 kg, which is almost the same as grain consumption. The total annual output of potatoes in Japan is 3.512 million tons, and the annual processing of fresh potatoes in Hokkaido alone is about 2.59 million tons, accounting for 86 percent of its total output, of which about 2.05 million tons are used for processing food and starch, accounting for 72.4 percent of the total output. The main processed products are frozen potato products, potato chips (chips), mashed potatoes, mashed potatoes composite products, starch and potato powder and other deep-processed products, as well as full-price feed. Germany imports more than 2 million tons of potato food every year, the main products are dried potato, shredded and extruded potato, etc., with an average consumption of 19 kg per person per year. Britain consumes nearly 100kg of potatoes per capita per year. 4.5 million tons of potatoes are used for food production in the country every year, of which frozen potato products are the most. France and France are the main producers of fast food mashed potatoes, reaching more than 20,000 tons as early as the early 1970s. 12 large enterprises across the country produce potato food and consume 39 kilograms of potato products per capita.

two。 Spread, cultivation and consumption of Potato in China

The spread of potato in China: the cultivation of potato in China began during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573-1620). Beijing-Tianjin area may be one of the earliest areas to grow potato in China, with a history of nearly 400 years. In the early 19th century, China's Yunnan, Guizhou, Shanxi and Gansu have been planted in a large area, and there is a considerable yield. At present, the provinces with large planting areas in China are Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan.

The planting, processing and eating of potato in China: China has a vast territory, potato cultivation throughout the country, planting area of about 80 million mu, the average yield is low, about 1200 kg / mu. The corresponding cultivation regions have been formed on the basis of different resource conditions: the first cropping area in the north, the second cropping area in the Central Plains, the winter cropping area in the south and the mixed cropping area in the southwest.

In the process of potato industry development, six advantageous planting areas have been formed: northeast seed potato and starch processing raw material advantage area; north China seed potato and food processing raw material advantage area; northwest high quality food and processing raw material advantage area; southwest food and processing raw material advantage area; Central Plains precocious vegetable use and export advantage area; southern winter vegetable use and export advantage area.

Potato processing products are mainly divided into four categories: potato food (potato chips, strips, mud, Ding, puffed food and traditional foods such as steamed bread, noodles, rice noodles, etc.), potato noodles, vermicelli and potato starch (including modified starch and potato whole flour). At present, due to the lack of modern storage equipment and scientific processing technology, the annual loss of potatoes in the country is 2530%, and the remaining 70% is basically used for fresh food or processed into vermicelli, vermicelli and starch, and the processing depth is not enough. the economic benefit is not high and the digestion capacity is limited. Potato noodle processing is a traditional potato processing product, but there are also many problems in processing quality and brand development. The proportion of potato used for processing starch is small, and there is still a big gap compared with the countries where potato production is more developed.

In China, potatoes are mostly limited to fresh storage, fresh transportation, fresh sale and fresh food. In the traditional dietary structure, more than 95% of potatoes are eaten as fresh vegetables and rarely eaten directly as staple food. In recent years, potato processed food is very popular in our country. McDonald's and KFC foods with French fries and mashed potatoes as basic raw materials have accounted for half of China's fast food market, while other potato processed products such as fried potato chips and puffed food imported from various channels are also growing. With people's understanding of healthy food and the demand for food diversity, as well as the propaganda and guidance of various media, potato food will gradually become one of the staple foods to adjust and enrich people's daily food structure in urban and rural areas of our country. it has a place in the daily dietary structure.

The main potato varieties in China: at present, there are 82 potato varieties with an annual planting area of more than 100000 mu and 30 potato varieties with an annual planting area of more than 500000 mu. Among them, Kexin 1 has the largest planting area, about 13 million mu, followed by Mira, Feurita, Longshu 3, Weiya 3 and so on.

3. The significance of developing Potato staple Food products and Industry in China

Potato staple food products and industrial development is to process potatoes into steamed bread, noodles, rice noodles and other staple food products suitable for Chinese consumption habits, realizing the transformation from non-staple food consumption to staple food consumption, from raw material products to industrial series of manufactured products, and from food and clothing consumption to nutrition and health consumption. Experts predict that more than 40% of potatoes will be consumed as staple food by 2020. The development of potato staple food products and industry will adhere to the principle of "no three insistence": "one no" is not to compete for water and land with wheat, rice and corn. The "three persistence" means to give consideration to the development of staple food and comprehensive utilization, to combine government guidance with market decisions, and to unify overall promotion with key breakthroughs, gradually realize the specialization of potato varieties, regionalization of planting, production mechanization, industrialization of management, and staple food of products, and form a new pattern of coordinated development of potatoes and grains.

The promotion of "potato staple food products and industrial development" is mainly based on the following considerations: first, to meet the needs of everyone to "eat delicious and healthy". Potato is rich and comprehensive in nutrition, low in fat content, high in protein quality and low in calories, which is beneficial to people in a well-off society to eat well and to eat healthy staple food. Second, the adjustment of planting structure can be promoted according to local conditions, and the development and utilization of food resources can be carried out scientifically. In China, there is a serious shortage of cultivated land resources, uneven distribution of water resources, and increasing eco-environmental pressure. In the northwest where there is a shortage of water resources, North China where groundwater is seriously overexploited and the south where winter fallow fields are rich in resources, there is an urgent need to change the mode of development and optimize the planting structure. The effect of water-saving, land-saving, fertilizer-saving and drug-saving in the production of horse bell potato is good, and it can be used as the main substitute crop for agricultural structure adjustment. The third is to promote the strategy of "potato staple food products and industrial development", which is an important supplement to ensure the absolute safety of food rations. Potato has played an important role in solving the problem of food and clothing for people in the past. Today, when the importance of food security is becoming more prominent, promoting the development of potato staple food products and industries has become an inevitable choice. Fourth, it is conducive to increasing farmers' income and promoting the optimization of internal industries in agriculture. Potato industry chain is long, promote potato staple food products and industrial development, the development of potato deep processing, help to increase farmers' income and increase agricultural efficiency.

Potato is resistant to cold, drought and barren, and its growing season is short. The minimum water requirement for its growth is only 350 mm. It is the best rain-fed high-yield crop suitable for planting below 400 mm, while wheat and rice are 450 mm and 500 mm respectively. Therefore, the adjustment of planting pattern and structure should be carried out in a vast area of about 200 million mu in the funnel area of North China, the three-north arid area and the winter fallow field in the south, so as to expand the planting of cold-tolerant, drought-tolerant and barren-tolerant potatoes. it is an important content to adjust the planting structure, achieve sustainable development and ensure national food security. To promote the development of potato staple food because of the situation will help to improve the dietary structure and meet the desire of the people to enhance their physical health; to promote the development of potato staple food should help to tap the production potential and open up new ways to ensure national food security; conforming to the trend to promote the development of potato staple food is conducive to alleviating the pressure on resources and environment and realizing the sustainable development of agriculture.

II. Nutritional value of potatoes

Potatoes are rich in nutrients, which can be confirmed by the laudatory names given to potatoes by some countries, such as "underground apples", "second bread", "precious crops" and so on. The protein content in potato tubers is generally 1.6-2.1%, and the protein content of high-protein varieties can reach 2.7%. The quality is close to that of animal protein, comparable to that of eggs, high in digestible ingredients and easy to be absorbed by the human body. It is rich in 18 kinds of amino acids, including all essential amino acids for the human body. Generally speaking, potato tubers contain 0.6-0.8% dietary fiber, which is 2-12 times higher than rice, millet and wheat flour, and contains about 0.2% fat, which is a low-fat food. The starch content is 13.2% to 20.5%, and it has both straight chain and branched chain structure. Potato tuber is rich in minerals and belongs to alkaline food, which can neutralize the acidity of acidic food and maintain acid-base balance in the human body. 100 grams of fresh potatoes contain about 342 mg of potassium, 8 mg of calcium, 0.8 mg of iron and 40 mg of phosphorus. Compared with other fruits and vegetables, potato tubers contain six times as much vitamin C as apples, about 27 milligrams, which is not found in most cereals. An adult who eats 0.5 kilograms of potatoes a day can meet all the vitamin C needs of the body. Carotene content is also high about 30 mg, in addition, potato tubers are also rich in B vitamins.

1. Special nutrition of potato: potato is a high-quality infant food. At present, common infant supplementary foods include mashed potatoes, potato cubes and potato biscuits, which are nutritious, simple to cook and have a good sense of satiety after eating. at the same time, it is easy for infants and young children to consume and absorb. Potato tuber is rich in vitamin E, vitamin C, potassium and so on. It is an important food for anti-aging and health protection. Colored potato varieties are also rich in anthocyanins, which is a strong antioxidant, which can scavenge the harm of free radicals and has a good anti-aging effect. In addition, potato is also a kind of body food, rich in dietary fiber increases people's sense of satiety, reduces a lot of food intake, but also promotes the metabolism of fat in the body, which is conducive to keeping fit.

two。 The medicinal value of potato: the medicinal value of potato is mainly reflected in two aspects: on the one hand, it is its own medicinal price. Because the potato has the functions of tonifying the middle and replenishing qi, invigorating the stomach and spleen, detumescence and so on, it can be applied to treat fracture injury, headache, rheumatism and other diseases. it is also a better rehabilitation food for cancer patients. eating whole potato powder or mashed potato can stop vomiting, help digestion and maintain epithelial cells. Prevent the occurrence of epithelial tumors. Alleviating the toxicity of carcinogens in the body can restore cancerous cells to normal; because they are rich in vitamins and anthocyanins, they can prevent free radical-related diseases, including cancer, heart disease, premature aging, stroke, arthritis and so on. On the other hand, its own physical properties also play an important role in medicine. For example, potato starch is mainly used in the production of sugar coating, capsules, as well as dental materials, bone cement, medical glove lubricant, diagnostic radioactive nuclear carrier and so on. Because of its low calorie characteristics, potato starch can be used in vitamins, glucose, sorbitol and other drugs to treat some special diseases. Horse bell potato starch can also be made into starch sponge, which has hemostatic effect on the wound after disinfection.

3. The value of different varieties of potato: different potato varieties have different characters, and the color of potato meat alone includes white, yellow, purple and pink. White and yellow potato meat is the majority of potato varieties in the market, purple and pink (red) potatoes are relatively rare, the above two kinds of potatoes are collectively referred to as colored potatoes. At present, purple potato varieties are Ziyang, purple rose and so on, red potato varieties are Hongmei, Hongyun and so on. The nutritional composition of colored potato is not only higher than that of ordinary potato, but also has strong health care function and medicinal value because the tuber contains polyphenols, such as erucic acid, coumaric acid, flavonoids, anthocyanin and selenium.

III. The current situation of folk potato staple food

1. Chinese traditional potato staple food recipe: potato has been cultivated in China for more than 400 years. People everywhere process potatoes into different forms of staple food products according to different eating habits. Mainly fried potato, pot potato, Kang potato, baked potato, copper pot potato stewed rice, potato cake, potato pancake, potato balls, potato poop, potato wipe, potato fried rice, fried potato, boiled potato, naked noodle potato cake and so on.

two。 How to eat potatoes is more nutritious: potato staple food comes in a variety of forms and processing methods, including frying, stir-frying, burning, frying, stewing and so on. From the point of view of health and nutrition maintenance, steaming is the first way to keep the original taste and nutrition of the food, but the steamed food tastes simple and can be served with seasoning after steaming. Frying, frying, burning and frying are richer than cooking, but they are all cooked in the environment of vegetable oil or animal oil. high temperature and the intervention of fatty acids are easy to destroy the original nutrients of the food.