The latest course of planting techniques and methods of balsam pear

Momordica charantia is a short-day plant, which likes temperature, light, heat, moisture and shade, and is not strict on the length of light. Long-term light is beneficial to its good growth, but it has high requirements for soil moisture and air humidity, but it is not resistant to waterlogging and has wide adaptability. it can be cultivated in a variety of soils in the south and north of China. In recent years, vegetable farmers in some areas have also grown in greenhouses or greenhouses.

Planting conditions of balsam pear

1. Soil: when potted, pastoral soil is mixed with appropriate amount of lime, mature pig manure, calcium superphosphate, plant ash and so on. Can be directly pot sowing cultivation, can also move seedlings on the basin, with a thin bamboo pole to build a support to let it climb. In the courtyard, it is often planted next to the sunny scaffolding, usually 40 to 50 centimeters apart. Cultivate with fertile and nutritious soil, 2 to 3 cm above the ground, often keeping the soil moist.

2. Temperature: balsam pear has different requirements for temperature in different development stages, and the optimum temperature for seed germination is from 30 ℃ to 35 ℃; the optimum temperature for seedling growth is from 20 ℃ to 25 ℃, and the growth is slow below 15 ℃ and poor under 10 ℃; the optimum temperature for flowering and fruiting is 20 ℃ to 30 ℃, and the fruit setting rate is high and fruit develops rapidly at 25 ℃ to 30 ℃; in the later growth stage, the night temperature is 10 ℃ and the daytime temperature is 15 ℃ to 20 ℃.

3. Light: balsam pear is not strict with the length of light, but lack of light at seedling stage will reduce cold resistance and disease resistance, and stems and leaves are easy to grow. During the flowering and fruiting stage, sufficient light is beneficial to the improvement of stem and leaf growth and fruit setting rate, and the fruit development is also fast.

4. Water and fertilizer: balsam pear should have sufficient water supply, especially in the flowering and fruiting period, which requires more water, and avoid water shortage and stagnant water for a long time. Balsam pear has strong fertility tolerance and avoid water stains, so it should be cultivated in sandy loam or clay loam with good drainage and deep soil layer. The base fertilizer is mainly rotten organic fertilizer, and topdressing is mainly mature human and animal feces and urine, which is applied once a week. The seedling fertilizer should be applied thinly and enter the flowering and fruiting stage, and the concentration can be increased. After the full fruiting stage, potash fertilizer or compound fertilizer should be applied once or twice to prolong the time of flowering and fruiting.

Seedling raising techniques of Momordica charantia

1. Land selection and soil preparation: balsam pear should be sown in spring, and land preparation should be selected as soon as possible. Balsam pear likes moisture, temperature, fertilizer and waterlogging, so it should be planted in plots with deep upper layer, high fertility and convenient drainage and irrigation. Before soil preparation, 5000 kg of bio-organic fertilizer, 40 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 30 kg of potash fertilizer were applied per mu. The ploughing depth is 30 cm, the bed is flat and the width is 1.6 meters.

2. Sprouting: the germination began around the middle of March. Before sowing, the seeds were scalded and stirred with hot water of 55 ℃. When the temperature dropped to 30 ℃, the seeds were soaked for 12 hours (if the seeds were gently clicked open, it would be beneficial for the seeds to absorb water, and the soaking time was 8 hours). Then, wash and fish out the seeds, wrap them with clean gauze and put them in a 30 ℃ incubator to accelerate germination. Rinse with warm water once a day and begin to sprout in about 4-5 days. In this way, it can not only kill the germs carried by the seeds, but also guarantee the budding. When the white tip of the seed reaches 50%, sow and raise seedlings, and use nutrition bowl and sunny border to raise seedlings. Roll the paper into a cylinder with a diameter of 8 cm and a height of 10 cm, fill it with nutritious soil and arrange it in the seedbed. Sow 1 seed in each nutrition bowl, then water it. After the water permeates, sprinkle with fine soil 1 cm thick, then cover it with plastic sheeting.

3. Sowing: the day before sowing, put the prepared nutritious soil (peat from pastoral soil that has not been planted with melons: vermiculite: rotten human faeces = 1V 1V 1V 0.5, add diammonium phosphate 1kg / m3, sift and mix well, pile it into a pile, cover it strictly with plastic sheeting, use it a few days later, and you need to mix it again once more) into a nutrition bowl of 10cm x 10cm. Or put it in a prepared seedling border (use a wooden stick to square the border by 10 cm by 10 cm, and hit a 1 cm deep eye with a stick in the middle of the square) and water it thoroughly. After spraying the nutritious soil with water again the next day, sprinkle a thin layer of sifted fine soil and sow. Put the budding seed in the small eye (note: the bud is attached to the soil down), cover the seed with a small mound about 1.5 cm thick, and then spread a layer of fine soil over and over again. Taking the Beijing area as an example, the seeds are usually sown at the end of March and the beginning of April, and the seedling age is about 30-35 days.

4. Seedling refining: after sowing, the greenhouse should be sealed to increase the temperature, a small arch shed should be inserted into the sowing border, and the film should be covered to raise the temperature and moisture, so that the temperature should be protected at 30-35 ℃ in the daytime and above 15 ℃ at night. When 50% of the seedlings emerge, cover the membrane of the small arch shed in time. From the first true leaf to the 4 true leaves, it should be ventilated and cooled at noon and kept at 25 ℃-30 ℃. Keep it at about 10 ℃ at night. 7-10 days before transplanting, the moisture should be controlled and the temperature of seedling bed should be reduced. After that, the ventilation time of uncovering the film will be gradually increased until the film is not covered at all. Watering as soon as it is dry, and adopting the principle of temperature control but not water control to keep the seedlings growing healthily. After that, the temperature in the greenhouse was gradually reduced, and the greenhouse film was opened a few days before planting to refine the seedlings.

Planting techniques of balsam pear

1. Transplanting and fixing seedlings: the seedling age was transferred to field planting at the time of 5 leaves and 1 heart, and April 25 was the suitable planting period. Pick holes in the whole border, two rows in each border, the distance between rows is 1.2 meters, the distance between holes is 50 cm, and about 20 grams of compound fertilizer is applied to each hole. Because balsam pear is a temperature-loving and fertilizer-tolerant crop, it is necessary to apply sufficient base fertilizer. Apply 5000 kg of high-quality bio-organic fertilizer and 30 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu, and then make a flat border for watering according to 1.5m. After a few days of soil drying, a small high border with a width of 80-90 cm and a height of 10-15 cm will be made, and plastic film will be covered 5-7 days before planting. Two rows in each row, with a distance of 60 cm, planted with thread. Dig the pit not too deep, it is appropriate to block some water after planting. In order to prevent the ground temperature from falling, the squatting water planting method is generally adopted. after the water in the pit seeps, the pit is sealed and pressed strictly with soil to prevent air leakage. Insert the shelf in time after planting, because the balsam pear is very strong, so insert a firm herringbone frame. The spacing between frames is 20 cm (30 cm for thicker frames). Timely insertion of shelves can also improve the field microclimate, which is beneficial to the rapid slowing of seedlings, planting 1600-1700 plants per mu, and the seed amount is 250g-300g.

2. Intermediate ploughing and weeding: balsam pear should be ploughed, weeded and cultivated in time from the seedling stage to prevent soil consolidation. Generally, after planting and watering slow seedlings, the first intertillage will be carried out when the topsoil is slightly dry and not sticky. If the soil is too dry or windy, it can be rewatered and then ploughed again. The second intertillage can be carried out 10-15 days after the first intertillage. This time, attention should be paid to protecting the new roots, which should be shallow rather than deep. Each ploughing can be combined with the application of some high-quality farm fertilizer, such as cake fertilizer, all kinds of poultry feathers and rotten chicken manure, pig manure and so on. After setting up the frame, when the melon vine extends to more than 50 centimeters, the root system is basically covered with the whole row, so it is generally no longer suitable for ploughing. However, attention should be paid to timely pulling out weeds and preventing weeds from growing, so as to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field and reduce the damage of diseases and insect pests. In the first ploughing, if a lack of seedlings or weak diseased seedlings are found, they should be replanted in time to preserve the seedlings.

3, build bracket: balsam pear begins to draw vine to build a "human" bracket, the top of the frame should be connected with a crossbar, and the fixed pole should be a bamboo pole with a length of 2.5 meters and a diameter of 3 cm. In the early stage, we should pay attention to the artificial binding of vines and assist the melon seedlings on the shelf. In the early stage of growth, the vine was pressed at the right time to promote adventitious roots, expand the absorption range of roots and promote the growth of stem vines. When the melon vine stretches out about 30 centimeters, set up a herringbone frame (like a cucumber rack) on both sides of the melon line, and lead the melon vine onto the shelf.

4. Pruning and forking: the axillary buds of the stem nodes of Momordica charantia are strong, and lateral vines are easy to occur, but the female flowers of lateral vines appear relatively late. In order to ensure the advantage of the main vines, attention should be paid to removing lateral vines. Balsam pear on the shelf, the main vine below 50 cm can not leave melons, female flowers should be removed to facilitate the overall development. After the main vine sits down 6-7 melons, leave 5-6 leaves to hit the top, and remove the rest of the vine.

5. Fertilizer and water management

① balsam pear has a long growth period and a harvest period of more than 3 months, so it is necessary to ensure an adequate supply of water and fertilizer, especially in the full fruit period, and water should be watered every 7 days in case of drought. Before watering, urea or compound fertilizer should be applied in combination with 7 kg-10 kg per mu. In case of continuous rain, attention should be paid to drainage and foliar spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate for 2 to 3 times.

② slow seedling in time after pouring water, so when the temperature is still low, the water should not be too large. A few days later, deep ploughing was carried out in time to preserve soil moisture and increase soil temperature to promote plant growth and development. Due to the strong branching force of the plant, 2-3 thick vines were selected from the lower part, bound to the shelf, and the rest were wiped out. During this period, it is generally not watered. When the first melon sits down and begins to expand, water and follow the water to pursue 10-15 kg of urea or 20-25 kg of ammonium bicarbonate / 667 m 2. Therefore, when plants enter the peak growth period, they should be watered and fertilized according to weather changes, plant growth and soil conditions. This is called watering to "look at the sky, the earth, and the crops." It should be noted that because the root system of balsam pear is relatively developed and the plant growth potential is strong, watering should not be too frequent, so as not to cause light-growing seedlings without melon, poor ventilation and light transmission will cause diseases or overwhelm the support, resulting in economic losses. Commercial melons were harvested about 40-50 days after planting. There is a large amount of fertilizer and water in the melon-bearing period.

Although ③ balsam pear likes to be wet, it also avoids stagnant water. if the roots are soaked, the leaves will turn yellow, the fruit will rot, and it may cause root rot and wither. The temperature in the early growth stage of Momordica charantia in winter and spring is relatively low, so water should be properly controlled to enhance the cold resistance. From flowering to sunny days before harvest, it should be properly watered, usually every 2-3 days. The water demand during the harvest period is relatively large, so it should be watered 1-2 times a day. Watering should be carried out after sunrise or before sunset. Watering should not make the soil too wet. Summer and autumn balsam pear is in the environment of high temperature and large evaporation, so we should strengthen watering or irrigation to adjust the temperature and humidity. In the early stage, it is mainly poured, that is, it is drenched thoroughly with clean water. After the melon vine is full, the method of furrow irrigation can be adopted to keep the soil moist, but the furrow irrigation should be half-furrow water so that it can be moist and not stained. In the rainy season, drainage should be done in time, so as not to make the border too wet and cause rotting root disease.

6. pest control: due to the strong disease resistance of balsam pear and less diseases, leaf mildew and powdery mildew generally occur in the later growth stage. Generally, 0.5% aminooligosaccharide water agent and 50% methyl topiramate wettable powder are used for 1000 times. 20% omethoate 1000 times liquid spray to control aphids, propargite 1500-2000 times solution spray to control red spiders. The main disease of balsam pear is anthracnose, which is more than that in the middle and later stage. Prevention and control should remove residual, rotten and diseased leaves in time. With 0.5% aminooligosaccharide water agent or topiramate 800-1000 times liquid, or with 70% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times liquid in the early stage of the disease, daily spray control, insect pests are mainly aphids, cabbage insects, can be used to kill emulsion 1000-2000 times or 40% dimethoate EC 1500 times foliar spray.

7. Timely harvest: balsam pear grows and develops rapidly. Generally, the fruit is fully developed and its size is basically fixed at 10 minutes after flowering. The peel is still green or light green, and the seeds are not hardened. Harvested at this time, the melon meat is tender, slightly bitter and sweet, with good taste. When harvested too late, the crude fiber of melon meat increased, and it was not conducive to the growth of the following melon. The balsam pear is harvested when the top of the melon turns yellow. if the harvest is too late, the melon is easy to burst. The fruit on a balsam pear ripens one after another. During the peak period of melon, you should pick mature melons once a day and use scissors when picking to avoid tearing the vines. At the same time, get rid of miscellaneous melons, choose seeds with the same color and shape, pick and wash seeds on the same day to ensure the germination rate of seeds.