The latest mushroom cultivation techniques tutorial

Lentinus edodes, also known as mushroom, Xiangxin, Zizania latifolia, vertebral antler, belongs to the genus Lentinus edodes of the order Pleurotus ostreatus. The artificial cultivation of Lentinus edodes has a history of more than 800 years in China. Lentinus edodes has been cultivated by "flower-cutting method" for a long time, which is a natural inoculation method. It was not until the mid-1960s that pure bacteria were cultivated and the artificial inoculation method was used. In the mid-1970s, the substitute block cultivation method appeared, and then developed into the plastic bag cultivation method, and the yield increased significantly. At present, China is the largest country in the production of Lentinus edodes in the world.

Lentinus edodes is a famous edible and medicinal fungus with rich flavor and rich nutrition. It contains 18 kinds of amino acids and 7 kinds are necessary for human body. Ergosterol, which can be converted into vitamin D, can enhance the body's anti-disease and prevent colds; lentinan has anti-tumor effect; adenine and choline can prevent liver cirrhosis and vascular sclerosis; tyrosine oxidase has the effect of lowering blood pressure; double-stranded RNA can induce interferon production and has antiviral effect. The folk use Lentinus edodes for detoxification, tonifying stomach qi and treating wind and blood. Lentinus edodes is one of the traditional export special products of our country, and its first-grade product is flower mushroom.

Biological characteristics

1. Morphological characteristics.

The hyphae of Lentinus edodes are white, fluffy, with transverse septum and branches, multi-lock union, kink into a network after maturity, and form a brown membrane after aging. The fruiting body is medium to slightly large. The cap is 5-12 cm in diameter, flat hemispherical, with involute edges, spreading gradually after maturity, dark brown to dark cinnamon, with dark scales. The mushroom meat is thick and white. Pleats white, dense, curved, unequal. The stipe is mesophytic to partial, white, solid, often curved, 3-8 cm long and 0-5 cm thick; the middle ring is narrow, easy to break and disappear; there are fibrous white scales below the ring. The spores are oval, colorless and smooth.

2. Living conditions

① nutrition: Lentinus edodes is a woody fungus. Lentinus edodes uses cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and starch as carbon sources for growth and development, but it can be absorbed and utilized only after the corresponding enzymes are decomposed into monosaccharides. Lentinus edodes uses a variety of organic and inorganic nitrogen as nitrogen sources, small molecular amino acids, urea and ammonium can be absorbed directly, while macromolecular protein and peptone need to be degraded and absorbed. The mycelium growth of Lentinus edodes also needs a variety of mineral elements, among which phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are the most important. Lentinus edodes also needs auxin, including a variety of vitamins, nucleic acids and hormones, most of which are self-satisfying and only vitamin B1 needs to be replenished.

② temperature: the optimum temperature for mycelium growth of Lentinus edodes is 23-25 ℃. Lower than 10 ℃ or higher than 30 ℃ hinders the growth of Lentinus edodes. The suitable temperature for fruiting body formation is 10-20 ℃, and a diurnal temperature difference of more than 10 ℃ is required. At present, the Lentinus edodes varieties used in production can be divided into three temperature types: high temperature type, medium temperature type and low temperature type. The optimum temperature of Lentinus edodes is 15: 25 ℃, 7: 20 ℃ and 5: 15 ℃.

③ moisture: the moisture needed by Lentinus edodes includes two aspects, one is the water content in the culture medium, the other is the air humidity, and its suitable amount varies according to the different cultivation methods of substitute and sectional wood.

[substitute cultivation] the water content of culture material in long mycelium stage is 55%-60%, the air relative humidity is 60%-70%; the water content of culture material in mushroom stage is 40%-68%, and the air relative humidity is 85%-90%.

[section wood cultivation] the water content of culture material in long mycelium stage is 45% ~ 50%, the air relative humidity is 60% ~ 70%, and the water content of culture material in mushroom stage is 50% ~ 60%, and the air relative humidity is 80% ~ 90%.

④ Air: Lentinus edodes is an aerobic fungus. In the growth environment of Lentinus edodes, due to poor ventilation, excessive carbon dioxide accumulation and lack of oxygen, mycelium growth and fruiting body development will be significantly inhibited, which accelerates the aging of mycelium, and the fruiting body is easy to produce deformities, which is also conducive to the growth of miscellaneous bacteria. Fresh air is a necessary condition to ensure the normal growth and development of Lentinus edodes.

⑤ light: the growth of mycelium of Lentinus edodes does not need light, the mycelium grows well in complete darkness, and strong light can inhibit the growth of mycelium. The fruit body should scatter light in the growth stage, the light is too weak, the mushroom is few, the flower is small, the stalk is slender, and the quality is secondary, but the direct light is harmful to the fruit body of Lentinus edodes.

⑥ pH: the growth and development of Lentinus edodes mycelium requires a slightly acidic environment, the pH value of the culture material can grow at 3-7, and 5 is the most suitable, and the growth is very slow or stops growing when it exceeds 7 or 5. The optimum pH value for the occurrence and development of fruiting body is 3.5-4.5. In production, the pH value of cultivation material is often adjusted to about 6 or 5. High temperature sterilization will reduce the pH value of the material by 0.3 to 0.5, and the organic acid produced in the mycelium growth will also decrease the pH of the cultivation material.