The latest course of Peanut planting techniques and methods

Peanuts, formerly known as peanuts, seeds, also known as peanuts, the good name evergreen fruit, belong to the seed part of the six major organs of the plant. The skin of the fruit is rough, mostly with checkered pattern, and half of the fruit is transparent and thin, which belongs to protective tissue. The color is mainly light red, and a few are dark purple. Annual herbs belonging to Rosaceae and Leguminosae, with erect or creeping stems, 30-80 cm long, wing flap separated from keel flap, pod 2-5 cm long, 1-1.3 cm wide, swollen, pod thick, flowering from June to August. Mainly distributed in Brazil, China, Egypt and other places. Is the raw material for the production of edible vegetable oil, peanuts can be processed into non-staple food.

Planting conditions

1. Peanut has a certain adaptability to slightly acidic soil and is a pioneer crop in the development of red soil, but high soil acidity requires calcareous fertilizer such as lime to neutralize short-day crops, but it is not sensitive to photoperiod. Higher heat is needed, and the daily average temperature is more than 12 ℃ before sowing, and the temperature of 20-28 ℃ is required in the main growth period, and the pod stops developing when the autumn temperature drops to about 11 ℃. The average accumulated temperature of peanut growing areas in China is about 3500 ℃. The growth period is 100-150 days, and some late-maturing varieties can reach 180 days. Generally, the seed dormancy period of early-maturing varieties is short, the dormancy period of late-maturing varieties is long, and the dormancy of dragon-type varieties is the strongest. The dormancy of peanut seeds is not only affected by the seed coat, but also related to some hormones in the embryo. Dormancy can be broken by using chemicals such as ethephon, kinetin, drying seeds and budding at the right temperature.

2. The peanut rhizobium in the soil was attracted by the root exudates and propagated through the epidermal cells into the cortical cells, which stimulated the cells to form root nodules. During this period, it was a parasitic relationship, and then the nitrogen fixation activity of rhizobium was strengthened to become symbiosis. At the end of peanut growth, due to root fracture and nodule rupture, rhizobia returned to saprophytic life in the soil. The suitable temperature for rhizobium reproduction is 1830 ℃, and the water content is about 60% of the maximum soil water holding capacity, pH5.5~7.2. When there is too much nitrate nitrogen in the soil, it can inhibit the nitrogen fixation of rhizobium, so the application of nitrogen should be properly controlled at the initial stage of growth. The application of phosphorus, potassium and calcium fertilizer can promote the reproduction of rhizobium and improve the ability of nitrogen fixation.

Peanut sowing

1. Sowing date. When the soil temperature of 5cm soil layer is stable at 12 ℃ in spring, pearl bean peanut can be sown. From the end of April to the first ten days of May, plastic film mulching can be cultivated 7-10 days ahead of schedule.

2. Sowing density and method. Ridge cultivation: ridge distance 50cm, hole distance 13~17cm, that is, 120000 ~ 150000 holes per hectare, two grains per hole. Plastic film covering border cultivation: one row and two rows, small row spacing 40cm, hole spacing 13~17cm, two grains per hole, that is, 120000 ~ 150000 holes / ha.

Field management

1. Ridge cultivation

① squatting seedlings: when the seedlings are basically ready. First pull out the weeds around the seedlings, and then remove the soil so that the cotyledons are exposed to the ground. Be careful not to hurt the roots. After clearing the tree, it will take about half a month to fill the nest.

② intertillage weeding: three times of intertillage weeding were carried out at seedling stage, cluster stage and flowering stage. Grasp the principle of "shallow, deep and shallow", pay attention to prevent the seedling from being ploughed in the seedling stage, and prevent the fruit needle from being damaged by ploughing in the flowering stage.

③ soil cultivation: half a month after flowering, soil cultivation should not be too thick, and 3cm is suitable.

2. Film mulching cultivation

During the period from film mulching to seedling emergence, if you find that the film is broken or the coverage is not strict, re-embed and block it in time. When the seedlings break the membrane and arch the soil and begin to expose the real leaves, remove the soil from the film and make the cotyledons exposed to the surface. If you find a hole missing, immediately replant it with seeds that promote sprouting. Once ploughing and weeding was carried out in the border ditch before flowering. During the period from flowering to pod filling, according to the growth of peanuts, 500 times of Xianke topdressing essence can be sprayed on the leaves instead of root topdressing, or 0.2%-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 500 times solution 2 times 3 times, or, and spraying peanut dwarf harvest or ground fruit Zhuangtieling to increase the amount of nutrition transport, promote fruit development and increase peanut yield. During this period, in case of drought, irrigation should be made in time.

3. Continuous cropping method

① soil preparation pass: soil preparation must be fine, must be autumn soil preparation, turn to 30 cm deep, fine rake many times, to ensure that the soil is solid, good permeability, autumn ridging and compaction. Through the effect of low temperature in winter, it can kill the fungi that cause peanut stem rot and root rot in the soil, and reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests.

② fertilizer application: peanut continuous cropping cultivation must increase the application of organic fertilizer, combined with autumn ploughing per mu application of high-quality farm manure 40005000kg. When sowing, it is mainly phosphorus and potash fertilizer, 15 kg of diammonium phosphate and 8 kg of potassium sulfate per mu. In the first and middle of August, foliar fertilizer was sprayed twice with 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and peanut special microbial preparation containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and potassium-solubilizing bacteria and appropriate amount of medium and trace elements was used to control the disease.

③ varieties: strengthen quarantine and strictly prohibit introduction from disease areas. Select disease-resistant and high-yield varieties and change them in time. Choose sunny weather for 2-3 days before peeling peanuts. Combined with shelling, the first-class species with large and full grains, bright skin color, high full fruit rate, good uniformity, clear net pattern, moderate size, beautiful appearance, germination potential and high germination rate were selected.

④ management pass: if there is a phenomenon of missing seedlings and broken strips after emergence, the seedlings should be replanted. After finishing the seedlings, clear squatting seedlings should be carried out, and the floating soil in the rhizosphere of the seedlings should be picked out by hand, so that the two cotyledons are exposed. Highland barley will return to fill the nest in about 15 days. Three times of intermediate ploughing and weeding are carried out in the seedling stage, the group tree stage and the flowering stage. the first intermediate ploughing should be shallow to prevent the stem from burying too much and affect the development of lateral branches. as long as the topsoil is loose, the weeds can be removed; the second mid-ploughing is in the nodule formation stage, and this mid-ploughing can be slightly deeper, generally about 6 cm; the third mid-ploughing in the flowering stage, this mid-ploughing should be extra careful to avoid damaging fruit needles, the depth of mid-ploughing is about 5 cm. That is, to master the principle of "shallow, deep and shallow", it is appropriate to cultivate soil 15 days after flowering with 3 cm, not too thick. Strengthen the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, find diseases and control as soon as possible.

4. Soil preparation and fertilization

① soil preparation: after the previous harvest in autumn, the stubble is wiped out, turned, raked and pressed in autumn to make a new ridge. Prepare plastic film to cover the cultivated land, make the border with bottom width 75~80cm, border height 5cm, border width 65~70cm, and make small ridges with 20~25cm width and 15cm high between the border and the border, in order to collect soil for sowing.

② fertilization: soil preparation and ridging with autumn, application of rotten ring manure, Kang hole soil, retting green manure, etc. Application of 15000 ~ 30000 kg/ ha, ridge cultivation, ditch, sparse application, border for spreading. Ridge cultivation can also sparsely apply agricultural fertilizer before sowing in the same year. When sowing, diammonium phosphate 150~225kg/ hectare and potassium sulfate 75~120kg/ hectare were applied as seed fertilizer. Lime is applied to acid soil with base fertilizer. For example, pH value (pH) 6.0 ~ 6.5, lime 450kg/ / ha, pH 5.5 ~ 6.0, lime 675kg/ / ha.