The latest course on planting techniques of Auricularia auricula

Auricularia auricula is a kind of gelatinous edible and medicinal fungus with high quality and delicious taste. The producing area of Auricularia auricula in China is divided into three pieces: northeast piece-Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. Central China-Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Henan, Hebei, Hubei. Southern films-Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Shanghai. Auricularia auricula is delicate, crisp and nutritious. Its protein content is much higher than that of ordinary vegetables and fruits. And contains essential amino acids and a variety of vitamins. The content of vitamin B is ten times higher than that of rice, noodles and vegetables, and 3 times higher than that of meat. The content of iron is 100 times higher than that of meat. The content of calcium is 70 times that of meat, and the content of phosphorus is also higher than that of eggs and meat, and 7 times higher than that of tomatoes and potatoes.

Auricularia auricula has the functions of moisturizing and strengthening, clearing lung and tonifying qi, sedation and relieving pain, cleaning stomach and intestines, etc., and its polysaccharides also have significant anti-tumor activity. It is a commonly used prescription in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cold and damp waist and leg pain, hand and foot cramps and numbness, hemorrhoid bleeding, dysentery, gonorrhea and postpartum weakness. It is a health food for textile, cement, mining, cleaners and chemical plant workers. The nucleotides in Auricularia auricula can reduce the content of cholesterol in the blood. therefore, in 1980, American businessmen suggested that China should grind Auricularia auricula into powder or particles as medicine to enter the American market. They are optimistic about the sales prospect of Auricularia auricula as a drug in the United States, because heart and vascular diseases have become the number one disease in the United States. The medicinal use of Auricularia auricula has been studied for a long time in China. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty wrote: "…... Break the valley to treat hemorrhoids. , leakage in the collapse, blood dysentery and blood.

Because Auricularia auricula has high nutritional value and medicinal value, it is very popular in international and domestic markets, and the products are in short supply. The output of Auricularia auricula in China ranks first in the world, is a traditional major export specialty, and enjoys a high reputation in the international market. Therefore, to fully explore the rational use of natural forest resources and crop straw in mountain areas and vigorously develop the production of Auricularia auricula is of great practical significance to revitalize the local economy and expand foreign trade exports.

In the early days, the producing areas of Auricularia auricula in China were cultivated by the old method, some with the help of the natural spread of Auricularia auricula spores, some with the help of mycelial spread of Auricularia auricula, and some were inoculated with broken Auricularia auricula. In the 1950s, Chinese scientists successfully cultivated pure bacteria and applied them to production, which changed the state of semi-artificial cultivation for a long time, not only shortened the production cycle of Auricularia auricula, but also doubled the output and significantly improved the quality.

Since the 1970s, the research on substitute cultivation of Auricularia auricula has been carried out in China, and now it has been used in production. Auricularia auricula substitute cultivation is the use of sawdust, corn stamens, rice straw as raw materials, glass bottles, plastic bags and other containers to cultivate Auricularia auricula. Substitute cultivation is a promising cultivation method because of its rich resources, high yield and short cycle.

Biological characteristics of Auricularia auricula

In plant classification, Auricularia auricula belongs to fungal phylum, basidiomycetes, heterobasidiomycetes, Tremella, Auriculaceae, Auricularia auricula.

In recent years, foreign countries also attach great importance to the production of Auricularia auricula, but except Japan, the Auricularia auricula produced abroad is not really Auricularia auricula, but mostly its relative species-Auricularia auricula. Because the growth environment of Auricularia auricula is the same as that of Auricularia auricula, it is widely distributed in China, and its appearance is also very similar to that of Auricularia auricula, so it is often mistaken for Auricularia auricula in China.

The fruit body of Auricularia auricula is thick and thick, and its cultivation and production is easier than that of Auricularia auricula, and its yield is much higher than that of Auricularia auricula, but its quality is lower than that of Auricularia auricula, and its quality is far inferior to that of Auricularia auricula.

Morphological characteristics of Auricularia auricula

In nature, Auricularia auricula grows laterally on dead wood, and it is composed of mycelium, fruiting body and basidiospore.

1. Mycelium: the mycelium of Auricularia auricula is composed of many villous hyphae with transverse septum and branches. Uninucleate hyphae can only be observed under the microscope. Mycelium is the vegetative organ of Auricularia auricula that decomposes and absorbs nutrients and grows on wooden sticks, substitutes or inclined culture medium. if grown on wooden sticks, the wood becomes loose and white. Growing on the slope, the mycelium is gray-white fluffy attached to the surface. If the culture is carried out on a plate with a petri dish, the mycelium grows around with the inoculation block as the center, forming a round colony, the colony edge is neat, and the mycelium grows under strong light. Brown pigment is secreted to make the culture brown, and yellow or light brown appears on the surface of the mycelium. In addition, the mycelium gradually senescence after too long culture time will show the same characteristics as that cultured in strong light.

2. Fruiting body: also known as the edible part of basidium fruit, which is a colloid intertwined by many hyphae. It is granular at birth and cup-shaped when young, and gradually extends into a flat wave shape in the process of growth, namely the ear piece. The ear piece is divided into dorsal abdomen, hairy back and smooth seed layer on the ventral side, which will produce basidiospores in a suitable environment. The fruiting body is elastic when fresh, crisp and hard when dry, and darker in color.

3. Basidiospores: usually a nuclear unit structure, reniform, about 9 mi 14 microns long and 5 mi 6 microns wide. A layer of white powder can be seen when a large number of basidiospores gather together.

The growth process of Auricularia auricula

The growth and development of Auricularia auricula is composed of basidiospores-mycelium-fruiting bodies-basidiospores, which is called a life cycle or a generation.

The sexual reproduction of Auricularia auricula is carried out in the way of heterogamy, and its life history can only be completed by the combination of different mating types of hyphae. Auricularia auricula is a heterogenous bipolar mating system, which is a single factor control, with "ten" and "one" different genders. Basidiospores of different sexes germinate under suitable conditions to produce uninucleate hyphae, which are called primary hyphae.

The primary hyphae are multinucleated at the initial stage and soon separate, dividing the hyphae into multiple mononuclear cells. When two uninucleate hyphae with "ten" and "one" are combined for nuclear combination, binucleated secondary hyphae, also known as binucleate hyphae, are produced.

Each cell of the secondary hyphae contains two nuclei of different nature. the binuclear hyphae combine in a lock so that the two daughter cells of the division contain the same binuclear as the mother cell. It is stronger than primary hyphae, has faster growth rate and stronger vitality. The artificially cultivated strain is the secondary hyphae.

The secondary hyphae absorb a large amount of nutrients and water from the surrounding environment, propagate in large quantities, and the hyphae are wound alternately. The dense hyphae growing in the matrix constitute the white villi visible to the naked eye, which is the mycelium. After a certain period of time, the mycelium gradually transformed into the fruiting body of the vegetative body, and the fruiting body primordium grew on the substrate. By absorbing a large amount of nutrients and water from the matrix, a gelatinous and elastic black auricularia fruiting body is gradually formed.

A mature fruiting body that produces a rod-shaped basidium on its ventral side. The basidium protrudes branchlets from the sides of the four cells, and the branchlets regenerate basidiospores. Basidiospores are bounced by ion bodies through special ejection organs on the fruiting body, disperse by the wind, find a suitable matrix and start a new generation of life cycle. Under suitable conditions, the life history of the whole generation takes about 60 mi 90 days to complete.