The latest course on the techniques and methods of planting and Management of Tomato

Tomato spread from America to Europe in the 16th century as an ornamental, and then eaten as a vegetable. It belongs to Solanaceae and belongs to the same family as eggplant, pepper and potato. It is a temperature-loving and light-loving vegetable with less strict requirements on soil conditions, but in order to obtain high yield and promote good root system development, fertile loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and rich organic matter should be selected. Now let's take a look at the planting and management techniques of tomatoes.

Planting conditions of tomato

Tomato is a temperature-loving vegetable, with semi-drought-tolerant physiological characteristics such as temperature and cold, light and heat, dry air and excessive humidity, water and waterlogging. It is of great significance to increase the yield of tomato and increase the economic income of vegetable farmers by properly adjusting the living conditions suitable for vegetable growth, such as temperature, humidity, water, light, nutrition and other living conditions according to the local cultivation natural environment, so as to prevent and control all kinds of possible diseases and insect pests in time.

1. Temperature requirements of tomatoes: tomatoes have different temperature requirements in different growth periods. The most suitable temperature for seed germination is 25-30 degrees Celsius, the lowest germination temperature is 11 degrees Celsius, and the highest is 35 degrees Celsius. The seedling stage is suitable for 20-25 degrees Celsius during the day and 15-20 degrees Celsius at night. During the result period, 25-30 degrees Celsius during the day and 13-17 degrees Celsius at night, less than 15 degrees Celsius and higher than 35 degrees Celsius are not conducive to flowering and fruit setting.

2. Tomato requirements for light: tomatoes have different requirements for light in different growth stages, they do not need light in the germination stage, and sufficient light is required in the seedling stage in order to develop well. Lack of light will affect flower bud differentiation and flower pollination. In the fruiting period, more fruit was set with sufficient light, the fruit expanded quickly, and the fruit yield was affected by insufficient light. If the light was too strong and lasting, it would cause sunburn disease to the fruit.

3. Tomato's requirement for water: tomato has developed root strength, strong water absorption capacity, strong leaf evaporation, and is a drought-tolerant crop, that is, it needs a lot of water, grows fast in seedling stage, the soil should not be too wet, and watering should be controlled. Frequent watering is needed during flowering and fruiting. It is generally guaranteed to be irrigated once every 10 days, but do not cause dead roots by flooding. If watering is not timely or too controlled during the flowering period, it will cause a large area of navel rot, and too dry soil will also cause physiological leaf curling.

4. the requirements of tomatoes on soil: tomatoes are not strict with the soil, the thick soil layer has good drainage, the loam with strong air permeability, and the improved alkali soil of sandy loam can plant tomatoes.

5. Requirements for nutrients of tomatoes: the ratio of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) to three main elements in tomatoes is that at 2:1:2 nitrogen plays an important role in stem and leaf growth and fruit development. From flowering to fruit setting stage, the nitrogen uptake of plants gradually increased to the peak of nitrogen uptake at fruiting peak. Therefore, the plant must be supplemented with nitrogen fertilizer in time in order to have deep roots and luxuriant leaves. Tomato has little requirement for phosphorus, and the application of phosphorus fertilizer at seedling stage can promote flower bud differentiation and flower development. Tomato is a potassium-loving crop, which requires the highest amount of potassium, especially in the fruit expansion period can promote fruit development, expansion and coloring.

Preparation of tomato before planting

1, soil preparation: the cultivation of tomato fields should be turned in autumn to dry the soil, ploughing depth of about 30 cm. Soil drying can improve soil structure, improve water conservation capacity, reduce diseases and insects in soil, and create good conditions for root growth. Deep ploughing can improve the passing condition of soil, promote the activity of soil microorganisms, and is beneficial to the decomposition of soil nutrients. Even if the stubble is arranged frequently and it is difficult to dry the soil, we should try to dry the soil for as long as possible after harvesting and deep ploughing.

2. Making furrows (ridges): tomato planting beds can be divided into four types: high, flat, furrow and ridge. Local use of deep trench and high border cultivation. The general width of the border (continuous ditch) is 1.3-1.7 m, of which the width of the ditch is 0.3-0.5 m. The border (ridge) direction, south and parallel direction is better, and the plant receives more uniform light.

3. Seedling disinfection: the seedlings were sprayed with 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times or 75% mancozeb wettable powder before planting.

4. Apply sufficient base fertilizer

① applied 5000 kg of rotten organic fertilizer per mu, while adding 50 kg of superphosphate, combined with ploughing fertilizer soil, ploughing depth of 25-30 cm. High border or ridge cultivation is often used in open field cultivation. High border cultivation with plastic film, dark irrigation under plastic film and drip irrigation under plastic film were used in protected cultivation. High-border cultivation can be used in the middle of the border to open ditches and bury season high-quality stable manure, and farm manure 2000-3000 kg, plant ash 200kg, after the flat border, dig planting ditches on both sides of the high border, and then apply 200kg high-quality fertilizer or 20-25kg compound fertilizer.

The absorption rates of nitrogen and potassium and phosphorus of ② tomato plants were 40-50% and 20% respectively. Phosphate fertilizer plays an important role in the development of tomato fruit and seed, and also has a great influence on the cultivation of strong seedlings. Nitrogen fertilizer can promote the growth and development of stems, leaves and fruits, especially in the early stage of plant growth. Potash fertilizer can promote the transport of sugars to the fruit and enhance the disease resistance of the plant, delay the senescence of the plant, prolong the fruiting period, and improve the fruit quality.

③ tomatoes are very sensitive to fertilizer, and high fertilizer and sufficient water can achieve high yield. The type of fertilizer also has a great influence on the yield and quality of tomatoes. The order of advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of farm manure is: chicken and duck manure, sheep and rabbit manure, horse manure, cow manure. Human feces and urine should be used in conjunction with other fertilizers. No matter what kind of farm manure, it is necessary to fully ferment and mature, and do not apply raw manure to prevent root burning and infection of diseases and insect pests.

Planting method of tomato

Planting methods and plastic film mulching are best to choose sunny days without wind, high temperature, small soil water evaporation, easy to slow seedlings.

The main results are as follows: 1. Planting methods: the ways of planting seedlings are flat planting, furrow planting and planting. According to the order of irrigation, it is divided into "dry planting" (that is, planting seedlings before irrigation) and "water stable seedlings" (that is, irrigation before planting seedlings). Do not plant seedlings too deep or too shallow. Planting too deep, low soil temperature, is not conducive to root growth, slow seedling. The planting is too shallow, although the high soil temperature is beneficial to the root growth, it is unstable and the seedlings are easy to be washed away by irrigation or blown down by strong wind. In general, the planting depth should be flat or slightly deeper between the soil block and the surface. If the seedling is unruly due to improper management of the seedling bed or untimely planting, the stem end of the seedling can be planted southward in the shape of a boat bottom, so that the stem tip exposed on the soil is slightly inclined to the south, so as to reduce the height of the seedling on the ground, prevent sunburn and being blown by the wind, and promote adventitious root growth.

2. Plastic film mulching: in recent years, plastic film mulching has been widely used in tomato cultivation, which can increase soil temperature, reduce soil water evaporation, inhibit the growth of weeds and keep the soil loose, so as to speed up the speed of seedlings after planting and promote root growth. The method of planting seedlings covered with plastic film we generally lay plastic film first and then plant seedlings. The specific method is: cover the high border with plastic film first, cover it with soil around the country, then dig a hole to plant seedlings according to the distance between plants, and cover the seedlings strictly with soil around them.

3. Planting density

The precocious cultivation of ① in open field: the row spacing is 40-50 cm, the plant spacing is 23-26 cm, and about 5000 seedlings are planted per mu. Medium-ripe cultivation with row spacing of 50 cm, plant spacing of 26-33 cm, and about 4000 seedlings. Cultivated in the growing period of large frame, the row spacing is 66 cm, the plant spacing is 33 cm, and about 3000 seedlings are planted.

② protected cultivation: early maturing cultivation with 2-3 ear and fruit coring, with row spacing of 50 cm, plant spacing of 27 cm, and 5000 seedlings per mu. The medium-ripe cultivation with 3-4 spikes and fruits was planted with 4400 seedlings per mu with a row spacing of 50 cm and a plant spacing of 30 cm. Non-coring cultivation in long growing period (such as Dutch infinitely growing variety) has a row spacing of 80 cm, a plant spacing of 40 cm, and 2000 seedlings.