The latest course of High-yield cultivation techniques and methods of Potato

Potato for Solanaceae Solanaceae annual herbs, also known as eggs, potato, 30-80 cm high, glabrous or sparse pilose. The stem is divided into two parts: aboveground stem and underground stem. Potato is one of the five staple foods in China. It has high nutritional value, strong adaptability and large yield. It is the third most important grain crop in the world, second only to wheat and corn. Potato is tuber reproduction, can be used as medicine, Pingweigan, treatment stomachache, ribs, carbuncle and other diseases. As food, its preservation cycle should not be too long, and must be kept at low temperature, dry and airtight.

Select fine varieties

Selection of improved varieties is an important link in potato high-yield cultivation. The results show that the contribution rate of excellent varieties and high quality virus-free seed potatoes to potato yield can reach about 60%. Virus-free seed potato early emergence, plant health, leaf hypertrophy, developed roots, strong resistance, yield potential. Therefore, virus-free G2 and G3 generations must be selected in production.

Land selection and preparation

Potato is a crop that cannot tolerate continuous cropping. For potato plots, select plots that have not been planted with potatoes and other solanaceous crops for three years. Potato is sensitive to continuous cropping, so continuous cropping must be avoided in production. If potato is continuously planted on a piece of land, it will not only cause serious diseases, such as bacterial wilt, but also cause soil nutrient imbalance, especially some trace elements, which will make potato grow poorly, plant short, yield low and quality poor. Potato and corn, wheat and other plants rotation yield better effect.

Potato tubers need loose, fertile soil to expand. Therefore, potato planting plots had better choose flat terrain, irrigation conditions, and good drainage, deep tillage layer, loose sandy loam. After the harvest, deep ploughing and fine harrowing should be carried out, and then the furrow should be made. The width and height of the ridge depends on the terrain and soil moisture. High-lying good drainage can be made wide ridge, low-lying, poor drainage should be made narrow ridge or high ridge.

Apply enough base fertilizer

Potato in the growth period to form a large number of stems and tubers, therefore, the need for more nutrients. Among the three elements of fertilizer, potassium is the most, nitrogen is the second and phosphorus is the least. Adequate application of base fertilizer plays an important role in increasing potato yield. The potato base fertilizer should account for 3/5 or 2/3 of the total fertilizer used. Base fertilizer to decomposed manure and human and livestock manure and other fertilizer machine-based, with phosphorus, potassium fertilizer. Generally, fertilizer machine 1000-1500 kg, calcium superphosphate 15-25 kg and plant ash 100-150 kg are applied per mu. Base fertilizer should be combined with ridge or digging holes in the soil layer below 10 cm, in order to facilitate plant absorption and loose potato layer. When sowing, 20-30 loads of decomposed human and animal dung or 5-8 kilograms of nitrogen fertilizer are used as seed fertilizer per mu to make seedlings emerge quickly and neatly and promote strong growth of seedlings.

seed potato treatment

1. Selected seed potatoes

On the basis of selecting improved varieties, 1-2 healthy seed potatoes with regular potato shape, typical characteristics of the variety, smooth potato skin, bright color and weight of moderate size are selected as seeds. When selecting seed potatoes, it is necessary to strictly remove the tubers with cracked epidermis, deformity, pointed head, bud necrosis, diseased spots or black rot in the umbilicus.

2. Cut into pieces and seed small whole potatoes

Cutting seed tuber into pieces and planting can promote oxygen exchange inside and outside tuber, break dormancy, germinate and emerge early. However, when cutting into pieces, it is easy to spread diseases through cutting knives, causing rotten seeds, lack of seedlings or increasing the incidence of disease in the field, accelerating the degradation of varieties. Cut too large, with a large amount of seeds, generally cut into 20-30 grams is appropriate. Cut the pieces lengthwise so that each piece has a dominant bud at the top. When cutting, remove the diseased potato, and the cutting utensils should be strictly disinfected to prevent transmission of disease.

Small whole tubers as seeds could avoid disease transmission by cutting, and their viability and drought resistance were strong. After sowing, they emerged early and neatly, and the number of buds, main stems and tubers per hole increased. Therefore, using about 25 grams of healthy small potatoes as seed has a significant effect on disease prevention and yield. However, small potatoes generally have short growth period, low maturity, long dormancy period, and early senescence in the later stage. Cultivation needs to master appropriate density, do a good job of germination treatment, increase potassium fertilizer, and with the corresponding nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, in order to play a small potato seed production potential.

3. Germination

Germination is an important measure to prevent disease and produce high yield in potato cultivation. Germination before sowing can promote early maturity and improve yield. At the same time, in the process of germination, the diseased potato can be eliminated, and the rate of diseased plants in the field after sowing or the lack of seedlings and broken strips can be reduced, which is beneficial to the whole seedling and strong seedling. Germination method: seed potatoes and sand layer alternately placed, thickness of about 3-4 layers, and maintained at about 20℃ under the optimal temperature and often wet state, seed potatoes after about 10 days can sprout. When seed potatoes were germinated, seed potatoes were soaked in 0.5- 1ppm gibberellin solution or 0.1-0.2% potassium permanganate solution for 10-15 minutes or 2% thiourea solution for 20 minutes, which could improve the germination effect.

timely sowing

The temperature of growing period is an important condition to determine the suitable sowing time of potato. In principle, the potato should be kept at the daily average temperature of 15-25℃. And the longer the period suitable for tuber continuous growth, the higher the total weight. Most are planted after harvesting late rice or middle rice. Autumn sweet potato should be sown from late September to late October, winter sweet potato should be sown from late December to mid January.

rational close planting

The yield factor of potato is the product of plant number per unit area and yield per plant. The yield per plant is determined by the number of tubers per plant and the weight of tubers per plant. But there is contradiction between population yield increase and individual yield increase. When the number of plants per unit area increased, the yield per plant decreased correspondingly, both of which were dependent on planting density. Within a certain density range, the yield of population increased with the increase of density, while the yield per plant decreased with the increase of density. Therefore, to determine the density, we must consider the coordination and unification of population yield and individual yield. If the density is small, although the individual plant develops well and the yield is high, the total number of plants per unit area is small, and the yield is low. If the density is too large, although the total number of plants, but the single potato weight is very low, the same yield is not high. Therefore, rational close planting means that there should be a reasonable population structure in the unit area, which can not only make the individual develop well, but also play the role of population yield, so as to make full use of light energy and soil fertility, thus obtaining high yield. Considering the harmonious development of population and individual, it is suitable to plant about 6000 plants per mu with 2-3 stems per plant under general cultivation level.

field management

1. Check and supplement seedlings

After the potato is out of Qi, it is necessary to check the seedlings in time, and supplement the seedlings in time if there is a lack of seedlings to ensure the whole seedlings. The method of supplementary seedling is: when sowing, the redundant potato pieces are densely planted in the field for supplementary seedling. When making up seedlings, if there is a diseased potato in the hole, dig out the diseased potato and the surrounding soil before making up seedlings. When the soil is dry, the seedlings should be planted after digging holes and watering and applying a small amount of fertilizer to reduce the slow seedling time and resume growth as soon as possible. If there is no spare seedling, select the hole with many seedlings from the ridge between the seedlings in the field, break off the redundant seedlings from the base of the mother potato block, and transplant and supplement the seedlings.

2. Cultivation

Intertillage loose soil, so that the potato layer soil loose ventilation, conducive to root growth, stolon elongation and tuber expansion. Before emergence, such as soil surface knot, should be loosened to facilitate emergence. After the seedlings are fully cultivated, the first time of cultivation is carried out in time, the depth is 8-10 cm, and weeding is combined. After 10-15 days of the first time of cultivation, the second time of cultivation is carried out, which should be slightly shallow. At budding stage, a third intertill is performed, shallower than the second intertill. And combined with soil, soil thickness should not exceed 10 cm, in order to thicken the tuber layer, avoid potato exposed, reduce quality.

3. Topdressing

Potato from sowing to emergence time is long, after emergence, to early with clear manure water plus a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer dressing bud seedling fertilizer, in order to promote rapid growth of seedlings. At budding stage, combine with cultivating soil, topdressing fertilizer for potato bearing once, mainly potassium fertilizer, combined with nitrogen fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer depends on the growth and appearance of plants. After flowering, generally no longer fertilization, if the late performance of fertilizer premature aging phenomenon, available phosphorus and potassium or combined with trace elements for foliar spraying.

4. Prevention and control of pests and diseases

Potato disease more common diseases are virus disease, late blight, bacterial wilt, ring rot, scab, cancer and so on. Late blight occurred mostly in rainy season and before and after flowering of plants. Therefore, attention should be paid to the early use of Bordeaux mixture or Ruidumei prevention and control. At present, chemical control of bacterial wilt is difficult, and the main control methods are reasonable rotation, selection of resistant varieties and planting small whole potatoes.

Potato pests are mainly ladybugs, earthworms, aphids, grubs, mole crickets, etc., available chemicals or artificial killing and other measures to control.

harvest

When the growth of potato plants stops, most of the stems and leaves are withered, the tubers are easy to separate from the stolons, the periderm hardens, the specific gravity increases, and the dry matter content reaches the highest limit, that is, the optimum harvest period for edible tubers. The tubers should be harvested 5-7 days in advance to reduce the adverse effects of high temperature in the later stage of growth and improve the seed quality.