The latest large fruit loquat planting techniques and methods tutorial

Daguo loquat is an excellent variety of loquat with a single fruit weight of more than 40ml / 50g, beautiful fruit and high commercial value. At present, the excellent varieties popularized and planted in production are: Zaozhong 6, Dawuxing, Jiefang Bell and so on. Loquat is a specialty fruit in southern China, and the fresh fruit is rich in nutrition. according to analysis, every 100 grams of pulp contains 7 grams of carbohydrates, 0.8 grams of crude fiber, 0.4 grams of protein, 0.10 grams of fat, 22 milligrams of calcium, 32 milligrams of phosphorus and 1.33 milligrams of carotene. Loquat is full of "treasure". The fruit has the effects of relieving thirst and annealing, invigorating the stomach and clearing heat, while the leaves have the effects of clearing lung, qi, harmony and adverse effect, mainly treating lung-heat cough. Flowers can resolve phlegm and relieve cough. Wait. It is an excellent variety of fruit worthy of vigorous development.

Characteristics of fine varieties

1. Zaozhong No. 6 loquat: this variety was bred by crossing Jiefangzhong loquat as female parent and Mori Zaosheng variety introduced from Japan. It is the most precocious variety in China at present. This variety matures 20ml 30 days earlier than the general precocious variety, which has important economic value for early listing and supply market. The tree potential of this variety is moderate, semi-open, with stout branches, long oval leaves, slightly curled leaf edges, thick leaves and not glossy leaves. The fruit is oval, and when 4-5 fruits are left per ear, the average weight of a single fruit is 50.3 grams, with a maximum of 108 grams. The peel is orange, the fruit size is uniform, the skin thickness is easy to peel off, the flesh is orange-red, the flesh is 0.85 cm thick, the flesh is fine, dregs, high quality, sweet and sour less, with aroma. Soluble solids 10.5%, acid content 0.32g/100g pulp, sugar content 10.25%. The edible rate is 70.1%. Each fruit contains 3-4 seeds. This variety has the characteristics of less occurrence of spot disease, strong stress resistance, less occurrence of fruit cracking, wrinkle and sunburn, good yield performance and so on. It began to bear fruit in the third year after planting, and the average plant yield was more than 8.0 kg in the fourth year and more than 20 kg in the fifth year. It is a good variety worthy of development.

2. Dawuxing loquat: "Dawuxing" loquat is a new high quality loquat variety selected from seedlings. He has won the "Silver Award" of the "99 Kunming World Expo" and is known as the "King of Loquat" by his domestic counterparts. The variety has the following characteristics: Dawuxing loquat fruit weighs about 80 grams, with a maximum of 194 grams, orange-red peel, strong sweet taste, good quality, 13.5-14.8% soluble solids, high fruit firmness, strong pericarp toughness, and resistance to storage and transportation. it can be stored and transported for more than 10 days at room temperature and for 2 months under frozen conditions. The edible rate is 75%. The ripening period was about one month later than that of Zaozhong No. 6 loquat. The comprehensive character index was much higher than that of Jiefang Zhong and Zaozhong 6 loquat. It belongs to a late-maturing variety. It is of practical significance to prolong the supply of fruit in the market. Generally, the flowers can be tested and bear fruit in the second year after planting, with proper management, sufficient fertilizer and water, and the fruit yield can reach 2-5 kg. After that, the yield can be increased year by year, and the high yield period can be reached after seven or eight years. It is suggested that producers might as well try planting. Pure seedlings can be provided in this part.

3. Jiefangzhong loquat: this variety is originated from Putian in Fujian Province. The tree is strong, the branches are stout and open, the crown is naturally round, the leaves are oval, terminal, and the flowers are yellow and white. The fruit is Obovate, with an average single fruit weight of 60 grams and a large one of up to 170 grams. When ripe, the peel is orange-red with a small amount of rust, the skin is thick and easy to peel, the flesh is orange-red, the flesh is a little thicker, juicy and the flavor is strong. It blossoms from November to December in Guangzhou and matures from April to May the following year. The edible rate of fruit is 73%, the amount of soluble solids is 10-12%, and the quality is medium to high. The variety has strong adaptability and began to bear fruit in the third year after planting, which is relatively high-yielding and stable.

Biological characteristics of loquat

Loquat cultivation is easy, and the environmental conditions are not strict. As long as the annual average temperature is above 15 ℃ and the winter temperature is not lower than-5 ℃, loquat can be planted. Loquat can shoot and grow all the year round, and can shoot 4-5 times a year. The root system of loquat was not well developed, but stopped growing when it was more than 30 ℃. Most loquat varieties can self-bloom and bear fruit without pollination trees. The flowering period of each spike is 20-45 days, and the flowering period of a loquat tree is 1.5-2 months, which will cause inconsistent fruit ripening period in production, but it is good for market regulation. The fruit setting rate of loquat is generally more than 10-15%, and fruit thinning is needed. The results of big and small years are not obvious, and it is easy to obtain stable and high yield in cultivation. Loquat has a wide adaptability to soil and can grow from sandy soil, gravelly loam or clay. Among them, the soil with good drainage, deep soil layer, slightly clayey gravel, rich organic matter and pH value of about 6 is the most suitable for planting.

Key points of cultivation techniques

The main results are as follows: 1. Loquat should be planted in plots with deep soil layer, rich organic matter, good drainage and low groundwater level. Flat land planting should prevent stagnant water, need to dig deep trenches to build high piers for cultivation.

2. Planting requirements

① hole digging and base fertilizer: the size of the hole depends on the soil structure, which is generally required to be long, 80 cm wide and 60 cm deep. Fill each hole with 10-15 kg of weeds or straw, 0.5-0.75 kg of lime, 1.0-1.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate, 1 kg of compound fertilizer and 20-30 kg of mature manure. According to the principle of coarse and fine, each layer of fertilizer should be sprinkled with lime powder, then covered with soil, and mix well with fertilizer as far as possible. It is best to pile the topsoil into a mound 30 centimeters above the ground.

② planting specifications: plant spacing 3.0m-3.5m, row spacing 3.5m-4.0m, planting about 50-60 plants per mu.

③ cultivation season: the root seedling (without nutrition bag) should be planted before sprouting in spring. Because the loquat leaves are large and the water evaporation is large, the leaves should be cut off half or 2/3 in order to reduce water evaporation and improve the survival rate. Loquat planting must be shallow, immediately after planting should be drenched with fixed root water, and cover the tree plate with weeds. Bag seedlings (seedlings raised in nutritious soil) are best planted before Qingming Festival, and can also be planted in autumn in warm winter areas (September-October).

3. Fertilizer and water management: the amount, period and method of fertilizer application in loquat should be determined according to biological characteristics, objectives, yield, fertilizer types and soil fertility.

The main results are as follows: (1) fertilization for young trees: the main goal is to promote the growth of trees, expand the crown, put into production early, apply little fertilizer to young trees and keep no lack of nutrients throughout the year. In principle, fertilizer is applied every 3 months.

(2) fertilization for adult fruiting trees: adult fruiting trees are generally fertilized 3-4 times a year.

The first time for ① is between January and February. From flowering to young fruit growing period, potassium and phosphate are the main fertilizers.

The second ② is between May and June. Fertilization after fruit harvest is mainly to restore tree potential and promote shoot emergence, and the amount of fertilizer application is more, accounting for about 50-60% of the amount of fertilizer applied in the whole year. Nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer go hand in hand.

The third time of ③ is from August to September. The flower bud differentiation is basically over, and fertilization is applied at the beginning of the flower ear. The purpose of this fertilization is to promote the enrichment of flower buds. Enhance the frost resistance of flowers and young fruits, and provide nutrition for fruit expansion.

4. Shaping and pruning

(1) plastic surgery: according to the growth characteristics of loquat, trunk shape or ring shape is often used.

The trunk shape of ① is formed by slightly pruning and adjusting on the basis of the natural growth of loquat. The height of the trunk is about 30-40 cm, and the whorled branches on the trunk extension branches grow every 40-60 cm as the main branches, leaving 3-4 main branches in each layer, generally putting 3-4 layers. The crown can be formed after 3-4 layers.

The ② ring is mostly used in sloping land with high wind. After the seedlings were planted, 4-5 lateral branches were left at a height of 40-60 cm above the ground to form a main branch, which extended in all directions and pulled into an angle of 40-50 degrees with the trunk. In the second year, 3-4 sub-main branches were left in the appropriate position of the main branch, and the trunk was topped and cultivated into a ring without central leadership.

(2) pruning: loquat pruning mainly removes dense branches, withered branches, disease and insect branches and overgrown branches, so as to facilitate ventilation and light transmission, concentrate nutrients and avoid the outward movement of fruit parts.

① bud thinning: for young trees and primary fruit trees, in order to configure the main branches, secondary main branches and lateral branches properly, the buds in the proper position and direction should be selected when sprouting, the redundant buds should be removed and the strong main branches and lateral branches should be cultivated. Adult fruiting trees can reduce the number of secondary shoots and enrich fruiting branches by thinning buds. At the same time, bud thinning can also adjust the ratio of fruiting branches to vegetative branches and reduce the range of annual fruit. The time of sprouting was carried out in 2-3 times at the initial stage of shoot germination. The degree of bud thinning can be determined according to the position of the tree potential and branches, leaving more of the strong trees and less of the weak ones. Leave more sparse places and less dense ones.

Pruning of over-dense branches of ②: loquat has strong branching power and often has 3-5 lateral branches on one branch. Thin and weak dense branches should be removed and 1-2 strong lateral branches should be left.

③ pruning of long branches: disrupt the tree, cut off from the base. If the position is appropriate, it can be truncated so that it can give birth to new branches from the basal part and form fruiting branches.

Pruning of ④ fruiting branches: the weak fruiting branches after fruit harvest should be cut off from the base, the strong ones should be retained, and the fruiting branches should be kept away from the main branches, leaving the base about 10 cm to retract and prune. After the fruit branches bear fruit, continuous fruit scar branches are drawn to form bamboo-like fishing rod branches, which should be renewed and rejuvenated in time to promote new shoots.

5. Thinning flowers and fruits

Flower ear thinning and fruit thinning are effective technical measures to increase fruit and prevent annual fruit of loquat.

The main results are as follows: (1) thinning flower ear: the flower ear is obvious from the first ten days of October to the beginning of November, but it is thinned when it has not yet bloomed (it is not necessary to do so in the place of freezing injury). Usually, those with 4 ears on a branch need to remove 1-2 ears, those with 5 ears need to remove 2 ears, varieties with large fruit shape should be more sparse, and flowers with few leaves and poorly developed or ill-developed flowers and insect pests should be thinned first. and grasp the principles of going outside and staying inside, going late and staying early, getting weak and staying strong, and sparse more in the upper part of the crown.

(2) Bud thinning: loquat has a large number of flowers and consumes a lot of nutrients in the process of flowering. Bud thinning can save nutrients and is beneficial to fruit development and expansion. There are three methods of thinning buds:

① removes the upper part of the flower ear.

② removes two basic axes and several top axes, and retains 3-4 axes in the middle.

There were 2-3 axes in ③ and 3-5 axes per panicle in small and medium-sized varieties.

(3) fruit thinning: the fruit setting rate of loquat is high, even if the flower ear has been thinned, there is still the problem of too much fruit. Fruit thinning can significantly increase the fruit, make the fruit size uniform, the ripening period is consistent, improve the fruit quality and facilitate harvest. Fruit thinning is generally carried out when the young fruit is the size of broad bean, first fold off part of the excessive ear, and then thinning the grains of disease and insect pests, abnormal fruit, small fruit and overdense fruit, leaving 4-6 grains per panicle for large fruit-shaped varieties and 6-8 grains per panicle for medium-fruit-shaped varieties.

6. Bagging

The purpose of bagging is to prevent rust spots on the fruit surface, fruit cracking, sunburn, diseases, insects and birds. Before bagging, you must first spray once with a mixture of germicides and insecticides, and then remove the diseased and insect fruits, abnormal fruits and excess fruits. The paper bag is made of old newspaper (coated with paulownia oil) or Kraft paper. the size of the bag is about 17cm × 20cm. There are vents in the bag to facilitate ventilation and observation. When bagging, tie the upper part of the paper bag with straw or clip it with a staple to make the bag bulge to prevent the paper bag from touching the fruit surface directly.

Diseases and insect pests and their control

(1) Major diseases

1. Leaf spot diseases: fungal diseases, including gray spot, spot and corner spot, mainly harm leaves, cause early defoliation, and cause fruit rot. Prevention and control: the most fundamental measures are to strengthen fertilizer and water management, timely drainage and drought resistance, clear the garden in winter, remove fallen leaves and reduce the source of disease. The disease was sprayed with 70% methyl topiramate 800 times or 65% Dysen zinc 500-600 times.

2. Anthracnose: fungal disease, mainly harmful to loquat fruit, followed by harmful leaves and tender shoots. Prevention and control: timely trench, drainage, increase the application of potash fertilizer, improve disease resistance. Spray 0.3-0.6% Bordeaux solution or 50% carbendazim 1000 times twice before bagging the fruit.

3. Stem rot: commonly known as "foot rot". It was thought to damage the rhizome and trunk, resulting in the death of the whole plant. Prevention and treatment: when setting up the garden, the loquat tree should not be planted too densely, the plant grafting interface should be exposed to the ground, scrape off the disease spot when it occurs, and smear Bordeaux slurry or 50PPM gibberellin plus cow dung to protect the wound.

4. Loquat cancer disease: bacterial disease. Damage to branches, leaves, buds, fruits and so on can also occur. Prevention and treatment: diseased plants were dug up and burned in time, and 0.6% Bordeaux solution was sprayed to protect new shoots when they germinated.

5. Leaf tip scorch blight: it is a physiological disease. Specially for harming summer shoots, new shoots, leaf tips yellowing, leaf deformity, shrinking, ossification, and early shedding. Prevention and treatment: re-application of potassium and calcium fertilizer combined with pruning to enhance the tree potential.

6. Fruit cracking disease: it is a physiological disease. During the fruit expansion period, the peel was broken due to sudden rain or too much Rain Water after a long drought, resulting in the expansion of pulp moisture. Prevention and treatment. The leaves of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 50PP gibberellin were sprayed many times during the young fruit expansion period. Fruit bagging can prevent fruit cracking.

(2) main insect pests:

1. Loquat yellow caterpillar: 4-5 generations occur every year, laying eggs on the back of tender leaves, larvae feed on young leaves and young leaves, and in serious cases, the leaves of the whole tree are destroyed. Pupation occurs on the back of leaves or branches, and adults appear at the beginning of May of the following year. Control: kill larvae with 1000 times of 90% trichlorfon, 4000-5000 times of permethrin or 1500 times of dichlorvos EC.

2. Loquat boat moth, also known as tail worm, often harms old leaves. Prevention and control: refer to yellow caterpillar.

3. Pear heart borer: mainly harms fruits, tender shoots and branches, adults lay eggs in calyx tube, larvae drill into pulp to harm seeds, feces are excreted around seeds, causing fruit drop, prevention and control:

① bagging protection.

② was measured with black light, sugar and vinegar solution or extra-sex hormone. Master spraying at the peak of the moth, spraying 1500 times of dichlorvos, 1500 times of fenitrothion and 1000 times of trichlorfon.

4. Leopard bark moth: it mainly harms the branches of loquat, one generation occurs every year, the larvae overwinter in the branches, the adults Eclosion from May to June, and the adults tend to light. Eggs are laid on the new shoots or in the axils of the buds, and most of the newly hatched larvae decay from the axils of the buds at the top of the shoots, so as to harm the new shoots, control: cut off the branches of diseases and insect pests in time, inject the wormholes with 80% dichlorvos 10-30 times liquid, seal the soil, and poison the larvae in the branches. Light can also be used to trap and kill adults.

5. Longicorn beetles: there are many species of longicorn beetles that harm loquat, including longicorn beetles, brown longicorn beetles, mulberry longicorn beetles and so on. One generation a year. The young larvae overwintered in the branches, and the adults appeared from June to September, and most of them laid eggs under the cortex of branches or branches with a diameter of 1-3 cm. After hatching, the larvae ate under the bark and gradually went deep into the xylem to form a long decay path. Prevention and treatment: dip the cotton ball in 10-30 times of dichlorvos EC or omethoate and insert it into the wormhole. You can also use a syringe to inject medicine into the hole, seal the hole with soil and fumigate the larvae in the hole. It can also be used to hook or poke the larvae in the hole with wire.

Harvest

The ripening period of loquat varies with variety, climate, topography, soil quality and tree position, and the flowering period of loquat is long, even the fruit maturity on the same ear is not the same. The fruit continued to enlarge before ripening, the sugar content increased rapidly before coloring, the acidity decreased, the calyx at the top of the fruit decreased green, the meat and content gradually changed and matured, and the fruit was yellow to orange during ripening. Loquat fruit should be harvested in time, and the fruit should be harvested in batches according to its appearance and color. In case of inconvenient transportation or need of transportation, it should be harvested in well-done to facilitate storage and transportation. Loquat fruit is covered with hairy, soft and juicy pulp. When harvesting, you should hold the pedicel in your hand, cut the fruit carefully, place it gently in a shallow basket of soft cushions, and send it to a place of graded packaging. Do not hold or pull the fruit, and avoid being stabbed by fingernails and harvest scissors, so as not to scratch the fruit surface or cause rot and lose commercial value.