The latest course on planting techniques and methods of sugarcane

Sugarcane has a high nutritional value, which contains a lot of water, accounting for 84% of sugarcane. Sugarcane is the most rich in sugar, in which sucrose, glucose and fructose are up to 12%. In addition, after scientific analysis, sugarcane also contains other substances needed by the human body, such as 0.2 grams of protein, 0.5 grams of fat, 8 milligrams of calcium, 4 milligrams of phosphorus and 1.3 milligrams of iron. In addition, sugarcane also contains 16 kinds of amino acids which are beneficial to the human body, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and alanine, as well as vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and vitamin C.

Biological characteristics of Sugarcane

Sugarcane is an annual or perennial perennial tropical and subtropical herb, which belongs to C4 crop. Sugarcane is a kind of plant with high light efficiency, high light saturation point, low carbon dioxide compensation point, low photorespiration rate and high photosynthetic intensity, so sugarcane has high biological yield and high income. Sugarcane stalks erect, stout and succulent, often covered with white powder. The leaves are alternate, the margin is denticulate, and the flower spike is a compound raceme. Sugarcane is a temperature-loving and light-loving crop, with an annual accumulated temperature of 5500 ℃-8500 ℃, a frost-free period of more than 330 days, an average annual air humidity of 60%, an annual precipitation of 800-1200mm, and sunshine hours of more than 1195 hours. Sugarcane has a wide range of adaptability to soil, especially clay loam, loam and sandy loam. Sugarcane can grow when the soil pH value is 4.5-8.0, but the suitable soil pH value is 6.5-7.5.

Climatic conditions for sugarcane planting

The whole life of sugarcane can be divided into five stages: sprouting, seedling formation, tillering, stem elongation and technological maturity. The growth speed, yield and sugar content of sugarcane are closely related to climatic conditions, especially temperature and water conditions.

1. Sprout

The minimum temperature of sugarcane bud germination requires that the daily average temperature is above 13 ℃, and the germination is accelerated when the temperature is more than 20 ℃, and 30-32 ℃ is the most suitable for germination. Sugarcane germination requires that the soil temperature (0-10 cm) is above 18 ℃. Below this temperature, the germination is slow, the germination rate is low, and it is easy to lack seedlings. In order to promote rapid germination in production, measures such as seed soaking, seedling transplanting and timely planting to cover plastic film are usually adopted. The temperature of root germination of sugarcane is lower than that of germination. The average daily temperature of 10 ℃ begins to germinate, and 20-27 ℃ is the most suitable. In the process of sugarcane seed germination, exuberant respiration is needed to produce energy supply and germination. If the soil moisture is too high, the soil moisture is too much, the planting is too deep, and the cover soil is too thick, it will affect the growth of seedling roots and buds.

2. Seedling stage

At the seedling stage, the daily average temperature is more than 15 ℃, which is about 75% of the maximum field capacity, mainly to meet the ecological water use. Too much or too little soil moisture will hinder the growth of roots and is disadvantageous to the growth and development of seedlings.

3. Tillering stage

Both air temperature and soil temperature have obvious effect on tillering. In general, the daily average temperature in the tillering stage is more than 20 ℃, and the most suitable temperature is 25-30 ℃. The higher the temperature in this range, the more tillers. Appropriate water tiller, tiller fast, but too much water, resulting in poor soil ventilation, will also affect tillering. The intensity of light is the main factor affecting tillering. Under low light, auxin is less damaged by photooxidation and can promote the elongation of the main stem. The sunshine is sufficient and the tiller is many and strong, otherwise the tiller is few, the tiller is late, the growth is weak, the daily light time is less than 5 hours, the general sugarcane plant does not tiller. There are many tillers with sufficient nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers have the greatest influence on tillers. In addition, shallow soil cultivation, diligent ploughing and sufficient soil oxygen can promote tillering.

4. Stem elongation period

This period is not only the fastest growing period in sugarcane life, but also the key period to determine sugarcane yield. The extension period of sugarcane requires high temperature and adequate sunlight, water and nutrients, as well as environmental conditions free of tropical cyclones. It is required that the daily average temperature is about 30 ℃. If it is still slightly elongated as high as 40 ℃ and below 20 ℃, it elongates slowly with the decrease of temperature, and stops elongating below 15 ℃. In general, the average temperature is more than 20 ℃ before sugarcane can enter the elongation period, and the average temperature of ten days is 27 ℃. Sugarcane can enter the elongation period, so in the areas with high temperature and long warm period, sugarcane grows fast, yield and sugar content are high.

The sugarcane extension period is the period when sugarcane needs the most water in its lifetime, accounting for about 50-60% of the total water demand of sugarcane in its lifetime, with an average daily water consumption of 3-4 cm. During this period, the soil must maintain 80-90% of the maximum field capacity. If Rain Water is insufficient, he must be irrigated in time, otherwise, if there is a lack of water, the growth will stagnate, the Internode will be short, and the sugar content will decrease, so that the sugarcane yield and sugar yield will be affected. The breeze makes the field well ventilated, which is beneficial to the growth of sugarcane. However, strong winds and typhoons do great harm after the peak elongation period, often tearing and breaking sugarcane leaves and lodging, so the yield on the windward side is often lower than that on the leeward side. The extension period of sugarcane is also the period that needs the most fertilizer, in which the absorption of nitrogen accounts for about 50% of the whole growing period, and phosphorus and potassium account for more than 70%, so heavy fertilization should be applied at the initial stage of growth.

5. Process maturity

It is the period when the sucrose content of sugarcane gradually accumulates to the peak and the quality of sugarcane juice reaches the best. The mature period of the process requires cool, dry and sunny frost-free weather, which is beneficial to the sugar accumulation of sugarcane. High temperature and humidity are beneficial to the growth of sugarcane, but not to the accumulation of sugar in sugarcane. According to the research, the cool and dry climate with strong light, high humidity, cool low temperature at night (average night temperature 12-14 ℃), low relative humidity and daily range of about 10 ℃ is the most favorable for sucrose accumulation and the best quality of sugarcane juice. Therefore, the climatic conditions such as high temperature, high humidity, small temperature difference and lack of light in the mature stage of sugarcane are not conducive to the accumulation of sucrose. The early or late maturity is related to the varieties, and the sugar accumulation of early-maturing species is faster than that of late-maturing varieties.

Sugarcane is not tolerant to low temperature, the daily average temperature stops growing below 10 ℃, the lowest temperature below 0 ℃ will suffer, and the yield and quality will be seriously affected when the temperature is below-3 ℃.

Fertilizer requirement Law of Sugarcane

The growing period of sugarcane is long, the plant is tall and the yield is high. Therefore, in the whole growing period, the amount of fertilizer application is one of the main factors that determine the yield. Due to the large amount of fertilizer needed in sugarcane, fertilizer accounts for a large proportion in the cost of sugarcane production. Therefore, it is of great significance to master the fertilization technology correctly, to achieve timely and appropriate amount, and to meet the fertilizer needs of sugarcane to the maximum extent.

1. Fertilizer requirement of sugarcane

According to research, for every 1 ton of raw cane, it is necessary to absorb 1.5kg of nitrogen (N), 1.5kg of phosphorus (P2O5) and 2.5kg of potassium (K2O) from the soil.

2. Nutrient absorption of sugarcane at different growth stages.

The general trend of nutrient uptake of sugarcane at each growth stage was less at seedling stage, gradually increased at tillering stage, maximum at elongation stage, and decreased at mature stage.

3. Principles of fertilization

According to the fertilizer requirement characteristics of sugarcane in different growth stages, the fertilization principle is: "re-apply base fertilizer, timely stage-by-stage topdressing". If only topdressing but not base fertilizer is applied, sugarcane is easy to grow: top-heavy, thick and thin, and easy to lodge. On the contrary, only applying base fertilizer but not topdressing fertilizer will lead to insufficient stamina and form "rat tail sugarcane", which will affect the yield.

① re-application of base fertilizer

Fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are mainly used as base fertilizer, because the absorption of phosphorus fertilizer by sugarcane is mainly in the early and middle stages. And the mobility of phosphate fertilizer in the soil is small, and it needs to be close to the root in order to be easily absorbed. The absorption of potassium fertilizer by sugarcane is also mainly in the early and middle stages (about 80%). And the potassium absorbed by sugarcane plants in the early and middle stages can be needed in the later stage. Therefore, potash fertilizer should be applied early, when the amount is small, it should be used as base fertilizer once, when the amount is more, half of it should be used as base fertilizer, and the other half should be applied at the peak tillering stage or early elongation stage.

② topdressing by stages

According to the law of fertilizer demand of sugarcane, the application principle of topdressing can be summarized as "three attacks and one supplement, light at both ends and heavy in the middle". The "three attacks" are to attack seedling fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and stem fertilizer. "one supplement" is the supplementary application of strong tail fertilizer in the later stage. "light at both ends" refers to less fertilizer application at seedling stage and late elongation stage, and "middle weight" refers to more fertilizer application at the initial stage of elongation.