The latest course on planting techniques and methods of cantaloupe

Cantaloupe is a transformation of melon. Also known as snow melon, Gonggua, is a kind of excellent melon varieties, fruit round or oval, produced in Xinjiang. Sweet taste, large fruit, to Hami produced the most famous, so it is called Hami melon. Because it tastes sweet and belongs to a kind of honeydew melon, cantaloupe is often miswritten as "cantaloupe".

Pre-broadcast preparation

1. Land selection and land preparation. It is better to have fallow land or abandoned land in the melon field. The rotation period of the ground wheel that has planted melons is more than five years, and the previous crops are suitable for food crops. It is forbidden to plant cucurbitaceae, leguminous and eggplant crops around the melon fields. The melon land should choose the soil with medium or above fertility, the soil texture is better than loam or sandy loam, the content of soil organic matter is more than 1,0%, the content of available phosphorus is 10ppm, the content of available potassium is 150ppm, the content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is 50ppm, the content of total salt is about 0,5%, and the pH value of soil is between 7 and 8. It is best to carry out summer ploughing and autumn ploughing before the year, with a depth of more than 25 cm, and winter irrigation to benefit alkali and mature soil, and to eliminate weeds and overwintering pests.

2. Apply basic fertilizer and open melon. After the beginning of spring, a ditch line is drawn along the contour line of the melon field, the distance of the ditch is 4-4 or 5 meters, the length of the ditch is not more than 30 meters, a fertilization ditch is opened 60 cm away from the center line of the melon ditch, the depth of the ditch is more than 25 cm, and 2000 kg of high-quality mature organic fertilizer is applied per mu, plus the right amount of chemical fertilizer is evenly mixed, the amount of chemical fertilizer: 20 kg of ammonium nitrate, 25 kg of calcium superphosphate, 20 kg of diammonium phosphate, 15 kg of ammonium nitrate and 50 kg of humic acid compound fertilizer. Or humic acid compound fertilizer 100 kg. Apply fertilizer into the ditch and mix well with soil. Trench along the centerline of melon ditch, ditch depth 0, 5-0, 6 meters, upper mouth width 0, 9-1 meters, bottom width about 30 cm, melon ditch requires flat, straight, waterline consistent, and there are no large soil clods and plant rhizomes.

3. Irrigation before sowing. Irrigation 5-7 days before sowing, irrigation before sowing is the key to ensure the integrity of seedlings, must be fully watered, generally more than 80 square meters / mu.

4. Cover with plastic film. Choose 70-90 cm wide transparent film or silver gray film to cover both sides of the ditch, 10 cm away from the bottom of the ditch along the ditch wall up, requiring the film close to the ground and the ditch wall, to be flat, compacted, compacted. It is generally used to spread film first and then sow seeds. In order to avoid the harm of late frost, you can dig holes and sow seeds in the peritoneum, but break the membrane in time to liberate melon seedlings. Otherwise, it is appropriate to cause burning seedlings and lack of plants.

5. Select improved varieties. The currently approved new varieties Xinmiza 7 (8601), Xinmi 11 (86-1), Xinmi 13 (New Queen), Xinmi 15 (Xiangfeimi) and Xinmi 23 (Jinmibao) should be selected.

6. Seed treatment. Do a good job of seed selection before sowing, the variety purity and seed germination rate should be more than 95%, soak the seeds with 200 times formalin for 2 hours, and then rinse with clean water for 2-3 times. In areas where the virus disease is serious, seeds can be mixed with 2% aqueous solution of trisodium phosphate or sterilized by dry heat, that is, the seeds can be treated at 40 ℃ dry heat for 24 hours, followed by 70 ℃ dry heat treatment for 5 days before accelerating germination and sowing. In order to prevent underground pests, after the above seed treatment, the seeds can be evenly sprayed with 50% zinc parathion EC 100 times, and then sown in a cool place for 1-2 hours.

Sowing seeds

In order to sow seeds at the right time, it should be mastered after the late frost, and the ground temperature of 10 centimeters under the soil surface can be stabilized at about 14 ℃. The melon field covered with plastic film can be sown around April 20, without plastic film mulching, the sowing time can be moved back appropriately, and the sowing time of wax gourd ready for storage can be delayed to about May 20.

The way of sowing can be drilling holes, along the watermark line of melon ditch, digging holes manually, and the distance between holes depends on the maturity of the variety. Early and middle mature varieties, single vine pruning plant distance 0, 45 meters, middle late maturity and late maturity varieties, double vine pruning plant distance 0, 6 meters, sowing depth depends on soil texture and soil moisture, soil sandiness is large, soil moisture is insufficient, sowing depth can be appropriate, covering soil is thicker; soil quality is heavy, soil moisture is good, sowing is shallow, covering soil is thin. The general sowing depth is 3-4 cm. Sow 2-3 seeds in each hole.

Buckle shed

In order to cultivate Hami melon in the small arch shed in the protected field, it is necessary to prepare the soil, open ditches, apply bottom fertilizer, irrigate and cover the film before buckling the shed.

1. Choose and buy arch shed frame materials in advance, bamboo slices, bamboo poles or cold-drawn wires can be selected, but the arch shed effect of bamboo slices is the best, with a width of about 2-4 cm and a length of 250-280 cm. Before use, two ends are sharpened in order to insert into the ground.

2. Choose and buy arch shed plastic with a width of 220 cm. Buy hemp rope and plastic rope to connect each arch, each with a distance of about 150 cm.

3. The height of the arch shed is about 100 cm, so that the staff can operate inside. After the arch is finished, the arch can be covered with plastic, and the plastic must be flat to ensure good light transmittance. After the plastic is covered, the sides are compacted with soil, and the arch shed is fixed with hemp rope or plastic rope to prevent the arch shed from being damaged by the strong wind.

4. Release the air in time to ensure the normal growth of melon seedlings. The duration and size of the tuyere are determined according to the temperature of the shed and the temperature outside the shed. When the temperature in the shed reaches 35 ℃, it should be released from both ends of the arch shed first, and slowly from both sides as the temperature outside the shed rises, so as not to cause melon seedlings to wilt or lose moisture too quickly, so as to inhibit the growth of melon seedlings. Tuyere from small to large, from one tuyere to multiple tuyere, to carry out adaptive exercise at the seedling stage. When the temperature inside the shed is the same as that outside the shed, all the plastic in the arch shed can be removed, so that the cantaloupe can stretch the vine normally, bear melons early and go on the market earlier.

Field management

1. Check seedlings and replant. Generally, the seedlings can emerge 5-7 days after sowing, and the seedlings should be checked and replanted immediately within 3 days of emergence. The replanted seeds should be disinfected, then soaked to accelerate germination, and the seeds can be replanted when the seeds are exposed.

2. Interseedling and fixed seedling. When there are 1-2 true leaves, there are 2 seedlings in each hole, and pay attention to the removal of weak seedlings and diseased seedlings. The seedlings were fixed with 4-5 true leaves and 1 healthy seedling was left in each hole. If the seeds are sown with precision, the interseedling and fixed seedling can be completed at one time when there are 4 true leaves.

3. Ploughing and weeding. Ploughing and loosening the soil can not only increase the soil temperature, but also preserve soil moisture and eradicate weeds. If the melon field is not covered with plastic film, the melon seedlings can be shoveled around by hand to loosen the soil, ridge soil, and combined with weeding. The depth of mid-tillage is more than 20 cm. Weed control is done 2-3 times before melon seedlings extend. Combined with mid-tillage, weeds around the seeding hole are removed and the mouth of the hole is sealed at any time.

4. Reverse vine. When 5-6 true leaves are inverted, the soil of the rhizome against one side of the border is gently removed to make it a small groove 5-7 cm deep, and then the melon vine is inverted into the trough, and the first and second side vines at the base of the stem are erased. At the same time, cultivate 10-20 cm of loose dry soil at the base of the rhizome.

5. Trim the vine and keep the melon. The whole vine and retained melon of Hami melon are determined according to the variety, and the early and middle ripening varieties, such as Hongmibao, Red Empress Dowager, Xinmi 15 (Xiangfeimi), Xinmi 13 (New Queen), etc., can use single vine pruning method; middle and late ripening varieties, for example: Xinmiza 7 (8601), Xinmi 11 (86-1), Xinmi 23 (Jinmibao) and so on. The specific pruning method can be determined according to the local habit of planting muskmelon. Single vine pruning: the main vine (primary vine) is not coring, and the lateral buds (secondary vines) of the 1st-4th leaves at the base are erased. After 5 nodes of the main vine, there are no female flower vines or those with female flowers but do not leave melons, you can leave one leaf to pick the heart, and the cotyledons with female flowers leave 2 leaves to pick the heart. It is best to keep the melon node on the vine of node 6-7. Double vine pruning: when the melon seedling grows to 4-5 true leaves, the main vine is peeled off, and the lateral buds of the 1st-2nd leaf at the base are erased, leaving the two vines on the 3rd-4th node, and the rest are erased. After the sun vine (third vine) grows, no female flower is erased, the female flower leaves 2 true leaves to pick the heart, and the melon node is located on the 2nd-3rd section. When the young melon grows to the size of the egg, you can stop combining the whole branch with the soil block or branch cross method to press the melon vine, use the soil block to press the vine, first draw a small groove on the soil where the vine is pressed, put the melon vine homeopathically in the small groove, and press on the clod. During the whole growing period, the vine was pressed for 2-3 times until the ridge was sealed.

6. Topdressing. The melon fields cultivated with plastic film mulching generally do not apply organic fertilizer, but if the base fertilizer is insufficient, some cake fertilizer or chemical fertilizer can be applied. Topdressing must be carried out before the female flowers bloom, between the two melon seedlings, 20 cm below the edge of the ditch, 20 kg of diammonium phosphate, 5 kg of urea and 150 kg of oil residue per mu. After the first fruit harvest, the second topdressing can be carried out, and extra-root topdressing can be used:

① 200g potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 300g urea were mixed into solutions of 2/1000 and 3/1000 respectively.

② fulvic acid 30-50 grams, prepared into 3/10000 to 5/10000 solutions.

③ spray 5ml plus 50kg of water. The above solutions were sprayed evenly on the leaves in the early morning and evening.

7. Irrigation. The number of irrigation and the amount of irrigation vary with the quality of soil, the size of melon ditch and the level of groundwater level. In the seedling stage, under the condition of maintaining a certain soil temperature, squatting seedlings should be properly controlled to facilitate the rooting of seedlings. Generally, water should be irrigated 1-2 times at seedling stage, and the field capacity should be 65%. Melon fields covered with plastic film generally do not irrigate before male blossom, irrigation for the first time at the initial flowering stage, irrigation for 2-3 times at flowering and fruiting stage, 80% water holding capacity in the field, more water is needed during fruit expansion, and generally irrigated once every 7-10 days. The appropriate water holding capacity is 85%. At this time, the temperature is relatively high, in order to reduce the occurrence of Phytophthora, water at noon should be avoided, and less watering should be done. The appropriate watering depth should be 1 to 2 times during fruit ripening, and 55% of field capacity should be kept. Irrigation must be stopped 10 days before fruit harvest. It is appropriate to irrigate well water in melon land, irrigation requires that single furrow irrigation should not be series irrigation, flood irrigation and series irrigation should not be avoided.

8. prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. Implement the policy of giving priority to prevention and comprehensive control, on the basis of mastering the existing laws of the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, understand and grasp the relationship between diseases and insect pests and crops and environmental conditions, and adopt comprehensive prevention and control measures by changing ecological conditions to achieve the purpose of restraining the occurrence of diseases and insect pests and reducing or controlling harms. On the basis of conscientiously implementing the above-mentioned measures, it is also necessary to cooperate with chemical prevention standards for prevention and control.

9. Harvest. Timely harvest is the key link to ensure the quality of commercial melons, the central sugar content of commercial melons must reach more than 13% during harvest, light picking and light handling should be achieved during harvest, mechanical damage should be reduced as far as possible, fruit stalks 1, 5-2 cm long should be left during harvest, and the pile should be shaded to avoid exposure, reduce losses, and forbid raw and rotten melons to be put on the market.