The latest viticultural techniques tutorial

Grape is a kind of colorful, delicious and nutritious fruit, which is deeply loved by people. The cultivated area and total yield of grapes in the world occupy the first place among all kinds of fruit trees. Grape is very adaptable and is being planted in most areas of our country. There are mainly two kinds of cultivated grapes: European grape and American grape. "Longan", "rose fragrance", "seedless white" and "milk" in the grape producing areas of North and Northwest China are all European grapes with good quality and high yield, but weak disease resistance and cold resistance. American grapes are disease-resistant, wet and cold-resistant, but the fruit quality is poor. "Kangke" is one of them, which is mainly used to make juice or make common wine in the United States.

Requirements of cultivation environment

1. Grapes are temperature-loving plants. The temperature of 10 °C in early spring begins to germinate, and the higher the temperature, the faster the germination. Flowering period of 25-30 °C is appropriate, in case of low temperature (below 15 °C), rain and fog, dry wind, poor pollination and fertilization, resulting in a large number of falling flowers and fruits. The berry ripening period is from July to September, if the temperature is not enough, the berry coloring is poor, the sugar content is reduced, and even can not be fully matured. Whether the local temperature can meet the full ripening temperature of grape fruit is usually referred to as the accumulated temperature. For example, the accumulated temperature of maturity in Shifeng (the sum of the daily average temperature from flowering to maturity) is 2564 °C, and the period from flowering to maturity is 102 days.

2. The grape has a strong light preference. Under the condition of sufficient light, the leaves are thick and dark green, the photosynthesis is strong, the plant growth is strong, there are many flower buds, the berry has high sugar content and sweet, and the yield is high.

3. The humidity is not easy to be too high. Heavy rainfall before flowering, excessive growth of new shoots, consumption of plant storage nutrients; rainy flowering, poor fertilization, resulting in falling flowers; rainy fruit from fat stage to mature stage, lack of light, low sugar content, poor coloring, poor quality, and easy to crack fruit. High temperature, rainy and humid is also the main reason for the increase of grape diseases.

Grape cultivation techniques

1. Transplant after raising seedlings. Cuttage, striping and grafting are common methods for raising grape seedlings. Among them, the cutting method is the simplest and the most common. Some new methods of grape seedling raising in recent years are introduced as follows.

① plastic bag cuttings with plastic film mulching method. When the soil temperature is 10: 15 °C in spring, chicken dung, sawdust, river sand and vegetable garden soil are mixed and cultivated according to the ratio, and put into a small plastic bag with small holes at the bottom, so that the culture soil is about 15 cm high. then soak the grape branches with three buds in clean water overnight, gently insert into the culture soil, and leave a bud on the top outside the plastic bag. Ling and bury the plastic bag in the soil, after enough water in the world, cover it with a film until the seedling is formed. Compared with open-air cuttings, this method has the following advantages: early seedling formation, nearly a month earlier than open-air cuttings; high survival rate, more than 95%, while open-air cuttings are generally only about 80%, saving labor on watering; occupying less land.

② Greenwood cuttings. In June, 2-3 long semi-lignified branches were cut from the new shoots or secondary shoots of the same year for greenwood cutting. Except for keeping a green leaf at the top of the cuttings (the leaf is larger and can be cut off by half) and a petiole at other segments, the cutting and management are the same as hardwood cuttings.

③ water accelerates the root. In June, cut the vines of the same year (with one or two biennial vines at the bottom); insert them into a can with half a bottle of water, cut Kraft paper or plastic film into a circle the size of the bottle mouth, and cut to the center of the bottle, then clip the grapevines in the middle of the cut, and paste them with adhesive tape; move the vines into a warmer room or kitchen and take root in about 15 days. it can be moved to rich and loose soil. Generally, root can be promoted 2-3 times a year, about 15 days each time. 8-10 seedlings can be inserted in a can bottle. Using layer shelves, 2000-3000 bottles can be cultivated in a room, and 16-20 000 seedlings can be raised.

④ cuttings raised seedlings in the same year, and pressed branches in the same year to propagate seedlings. This is a new technology to improve the reproduction coefficient of grape. Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water after cutting to make the seedlings fat and strong. When the seedling grows to 50 cm, it picks out the strong plant and promotes the growth of auxiliary shoots, and each plant retains 3-5 secondary shoots. In the middle of July, the secondary shoot is about 10 cm long, press the branch, press the main shoot 5-10 cm in the soil, and the secondary shoot grows upright on the ground. "White Dew" after to "the Autumn Equinox", and then pick the heart of the secondary shoot, concentrate nutrients to raise seedlings, so that a secondary shoot will grow into a strong grape seedling. In other words, a cuttage can cultivate 3-5 grape seedlings with developed roots, full branches and full bud eyes in that year, and the propagation coefficient is 4-5 times higher than that of the general seedling method.

⑤ green branch grafting combined with striping. In that year, a large number of self-rooted seedlings and cuttings of improved varieties were obtained by this method. This method is successfully studied by Zhengzhou Fruit Tree Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. They grafted the green branches of the grapes on the sprouting tillers of the old vines of the grape stubble, with the help of the strong roots of the old vines to promote the vigorous growth of the new shoots of the improved varieties of scions, and then pressed the new shoots horizontally in autumn. after they had grown roots, they could start seedlings in the same year. The self-rooted seedlings and cuttings that can be provided by such an adult grape can be planted in 68 mu. After the seedling is raised, a small section of the main shoot of the improved variety on the old vine can still be used for pressing seedlings or hanging fruit on the shelf in the following year.

⑥ green branch air pressing strip. This method is simple and easy to master, and there is no need to slow seedling when transplanting new seedlings, so the survival rate is greatly improved. If you manage it carefully, you can get results the following year.

The specific methods are as follows: during the period of rapid growth of grape shoots, when the stem of the 4th section of the new shoots reached semi-Lignification from the base, 0.08 mm thick, 30 cm × 30 cm polyethylene film was used to wrap the neutral wet soil (other fillers on the right), both ends and rubbing were tied tightly with string, and the front end of the new shoot was kept upward (can be tied to the grape rack or mother plant with string), and one new shoot was bandaged with one section, or two or more nodes. Then use a syringe to replenish water into the bandaging bag every 7-10 days. One month later, when the new young roots are found through the film bag, the dressing bag can be cut off from the mother plant from the bottom and immediately weighed into a flowerpot or directly planted in a vineyard.

2. Transplant after grafting in the pot. The cuttings of grape varieties with strong adaptability were cut in flowerpots from March to April, germinated and used as rootstocks, and the scions of excellent varieties were grafted in flowerpots in June. After the grafting survived, 1-2 new shoots were cultivated as the main vine, and the heart was picked when it grew to half a foot high. In the middle of August, the buckle pot is ground-grown grapes.

3. The grapes are inserted directly into the garden. The direct construction of a grape garden is a new way to build a garden by inserting improved grape cuttings directly into the ground. The practice of planting more than 1000 mu of seedlings instead of strips in Tuanhe Farm in Beijing in recent years has proved that this technology is a new way to achieve strong seedlings in one year, fruit in two years, high yield in three years and solve the shortage of grape seedlings. Compared with cutting seedlings and transplanting, grape direct planting has more advantages. First, the construction of the garden is quick and the result is early. The second year can enter the full fruit period, afraid of management, the yield per mu can reach more than 1500 kg. Second, it will not hurt the roots and grow strong. Third, it not only establishes the garden, but also raises seedlings. The surplus grape seedlings in the line can be transplanted into a garden or out of the nursery to improve the efficiency. According to the calculation of 6000 seedlings per mu, the cost of planting seedlings is 180yuan, and the direct insertion method can also sell about 1000 seedlings and increase the income by 420yuan. The specific cultivation techniques are as follows:

Prepare ① before insertion. On the basis of deep ploughing in autumn and ripening soil by winter irrigation, the whole garden was ploughed again at the end of March and the first ten days of April of the following year, then leveled the bed, opened a planting ditch with a width of 1.2 meters and a depth of 0.2 meters according to the row spacing of 2.75 meters, and opened a planting pit in the middle of the planting ditch. The planting pit is 60 cm deep, 60 cm in diameter or 60 cm wide and 60 cm deep. Before planting, 800 kg of dung, cattle and sheep manure and 120 kg of superphosphate per mu were mixed with several times of topsoil and evenly applied into the pit or ditch to fill the bottom water. Choose the annual main shoot branches with short internodes, small pith, full bud eyes, normal color, strong growth, disease-free, 0.7-1.0 cm in diameter, cut 4-6 buds, and the cut mouth is required to be flat and inclined. Soak the rooting site with 50ppm naphthylacetic acid for 24 hours before insertion. Soak in 5 Baumetu sulfur mixture for 1-2 minutes. There are two kinds of cutting methods: hole cutting and strip cutting. Hole insertion, 5 per hole, plant spacing 15cm, 805roots per mu; strip cutting, plant spacing 18-20cm, 1300-1400 per mu. The cuttings are required to show a bud on the ground.

② management after cuttage. In addition to formulating comprehensive cultivation technical measures, measures should be taken in management to promote survival, growth, health and maturity, prevention of grass shortage, prevention of diseases and insect pests, prevention of drought and waterlogging, prevention of human operation and so on. The management after seedling is the same as that after transplanting.