The latest course of cherry planting techniques and methods

Cherry began to be planted in China in the 1990s, mainly distributed in Shandong, Beijing, Liaoning, Shanxi and other central provinces. The climate of Qingdao is particularly suitable for cherry growth. It is an area where cherries mature earlier in China. The planting area has reached more than 60,000 mu, of which 70% of the cherries are imported from Europe, and the United States is in the leading position in cherry production all over the world. More than 70% of American cherries come from the northwest.

The growing environment of cherry

Chinese cherry is weak in cold resistance and likes warm and moist climate, so it is suitable to be cultivated in places with an annual average temperature of 15-16 ℃. Sweet cherries like cold and dry. The natural dormancy period of cherry is about 80,100 days. The cooling capacity of sweet cherry to complete dormancy is 11001300 hours below 7.2℃. Sour cherries take 1200 to 2500 hours. The dormancy period of Chinese cherry is short, and it is easy to germinate when the temperature warms up in late winter and early spring. if it is cold in late spring (frost or snow), the flower organs will be frozen, which will seriously affect the yield and even no harvest. Therefore, in the course of development, we must pay attention to whether the attack time of the low temperature and cold wave in the local spring coincides with the flowering period, and cannot be planted in places where adverse weather (frost, snow, strong wind) occurs during the flowering period of cherries. Even if there are few places with disastrous weather, it is necessary to choose suitable small terrain for planting when building the garden.

The annual rainfall suitable for cherry growth is generally 700mm to 1000mm. Some areas in the south should fully consider how to solve the problem of "early spring" when building a garden. Because drought in the early stage of fruit growth will cause serious fruit drop and affect fruit growth and development.

Cherry is a light-loving tree species, Chinese cherry is more shade-tolerant, but the light is good, the fruit ripens early and the color is good.

Cherry is suitable for cultivation in sandy soil with rich and loose soil and deep soil layer. Soil acidity and alkalinity, usually PH6.0~7.5.

The vertical distribution of Chinese cherry roots is generally concentrated in the soil layer about 20 cm deep, which requires loose soil and good drainage and irrigation conditions. Heavy clay is not suitable for growing cherries. As cherries are not resistant to transportation, a garden should be built in a location with convenient transportation.

Planting density should vary according to varieties, rootstocks and soil conditions. On fertile flat land, Chinese cherries are densely planted with Y-shaped shaping, which can be planted at a rate of 1 × 3 meters, 220 plants per mu, and 2 × 3 meters × 3 meters per mu if natural cluster shape or natural happy shaping is adopted. The density can be increased properly in infancy, and thinning measures can be taken after the orchard is formed.

Planting time is generally divided into two periods: autumn and spring. It should be planted in spring in cold, dry and windy areas in winter, and spring planting should be before seedlings germinate. Autumn can be planted in warm places in winter. Deep soil ripening should be carried out before planting, and large planting holes should be dug. 25-50 kg of organic fertilizer was applied to each hole. After mixing the fertilizer with the soil, plant the seedlings and immediately pour the root water.

Planting conditions of cherry

1. Temperature

Cherry is a deciduous fruit tree that likes temperature but is not cold-tolerant. Chinese cherry is native to the Yangtze River Basin in China, which adapts to the warm and humid climate and has weak cold tolerance, so it is cultivated more in the Yangtze River Basin and the northern microclimate. Sweet cherry and sour cherry are native to West Asia and Europe, adapt to the cool and dry climate, and are suitable for cultivation in North, Northwest and Southern Northeast of China. However, high temperature drying in summer is disadvantageous to the growth of sweet cherry. The lowest temperature in winter should not be lower than-20. Too low temperature will cause longitudinal cracking of twigs and glue flow. In addition, flower buds are vulnerable to freezing. The flowers will suffer frost damage when the temperature drops below-3 ℃ during flowering, so when developing cherries, it is not suitable to be in areas where it is too cold.

2. Moisture

Cherries are sensitive to water conditions and are neither drought-resistant nor waterlogging-resistant. In the cultivation area of Chinese cherry, except for the abundant Rain Water in the southern province, the north mainly chooses the areas with humid microclimate in hillsides and valleys. From the point of view of the cultivation distribution areas of sweet cherries all over the world, most of them are located near the river basin or near the coastal zone. At present, the main cultivation areas of sweet cherries in China are mainly distributed in Yantai of Shandong Province and Dalian of Liaoning Province in the Bohai Bay. These two places are close to the sea, with an annual rainfall of 600mm to 900mm, and the air is relatively humid. But this does not limit the cultivation of sweet cherries in areas with low rainfall, such as Yakima and Venaci in Washington State, where the annual rainfall does not exceed 250 mm and the growing season does not exceed 150 mm. The sweet cherry producing areas of Ukraine are mainly distributed in the dry summer areas along the coast of the Black Sea, with an annual rainfall of less than 300 mm and little rainfall from July to September, but these areas have suitable temperature, sufficient light, good irrigation conditions and good growth of sweet cherries. And high quality and high yield. Cherry and other drupes, the root system requires higher oxygen, if the soil moisture is too much and oxygen is insufficient, it will affect the normal respiration of the root, the tree can not grow and develop normally, cause rotten root, gum flow, and seriously lead to the death of the tree. If Rain Water is too big to drain the water in time, if the cherry tree is immersed in water for 2 days, the leaves wilt, but do not fall off, and the leaf wilting can not recover or even cause the death of the whole tree.

3. Lighting

Cherry is a light-loving tree species, especially sweet cherry, followed by sour cherry and hairy cherry. Chinese cherry is more shade-tolerant. When the light condition is good, the tree is strong, the life of fruit branch is long, the flower bud is full, the fruit setting rate is high, the fruit ripens early, the color is good, the sugar content is high, and the sour taste is less. When the light condition is poor, the tree is easy to grow, the branches in the crown are weak, the life of the fruiting branch is short, the fruiting part moves outward, the flower bud develops poorly, the fruit setting rate is low, the fruit coloring is poor, the ripening is late, and the quality is poor. Therefore, the sunny slope and semi-sunny slope should be selected when the garden is built, the planting density should not be too large, and the branches should be opened at an angle to ensure the light conditions inside the crown to achieve ventilation and transparency.

4. Soil

Sweet cherry is suitable to be cultivated on sandy loam or gravelly loam with deep soil layer, loose soil, good air permeability and strong water retention. When cultivated in clayey soil, the root system is shallow, and it is not resistant to drought, flood or wind. Cherry trees are very sensitive to the degree of salinization, and the suitable soil pH value is 5.6-7, so it is not suitable to plant cherries in saline-alkali areas.

Cherry is prone to root cancer, while root cancer bacteria and nematodes in the soil can easily spread root cancer. The old orchards that grow cherries, peaches, plums and apricots have many root cancer bacteria in the soil, so it is not suitable to plant cherry trees, let alone as a nursery for the development of cherries. If the saplings have root cancer, it will cause more serious consequences.

5. Wind

The root system of cherry is generally shallow and the wind resistance is poor. Severe winter and early spring gale is easy to cause branches to dry, flower buds frozen; florescence gale easy to dry stigma mucus, affecting insect pollination; summer and autumn typhoon, will cause branches and trees fall, resulting in greater losses. Therefore, in areas with strong winds, we must build windbreaks, or choose areas with good small environment to build gardens.

Planting techniques of Cherry

1. Cultivation and use of soil

Big cherry should be cultivated in loose, fertile and permeable sandy loam.

2. Soil, fertilizer and water management

The water content of cherry plants under water and fertilizer management is about 70%, so it is particularly sensitive to water demand. Under normal circumstances, the garden soil should be watered frequently when there are many branches and leaves and high temperature, otherwise the dry garden soil will affect its growth and blossom and bear fruit. The principle of applying thin fertilizer frequently should be grasped. It is suggested that spraying new high lipid membrane to enhance fertilizer utilization efficiency.

According to our experimental observation, the soil management of cherry is better with irrigation and mulching in spring and ploughing and weeding in other seasons. Because mulching alleviates the effect of spring drought on plants, it has a good effect on fruit growth. Remove or bury the mulch after cherry harvest. According to the calculation, the general adult garden should cover 2000,2500 kilograms of wheat stalk per mu. Cherry trees should be fertilized 3 or 4 times a year. That is:

Fertilization after ① fruit harvest: mainly to restore tree potential, promote flower bud differentiation, and increase next year's yield. Immediately after fruit picking, stable manure, livestock manure and urine were applied, and appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer was added. Each plant applies 30kg of livestock manure depending on the result.

Fertilization before sprouting and flowering of ②: fertilizer based on quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer. Each plant was treated with 1520 kg of livestock manure or 0.5 kg of urea.

③ fruit rapid long-term fertilization: after Xiehua, enter the fruit development. Quick-acting chemical fertilizer should be applied to fruiting trees once, and an appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied.

④ applied base fertilizer: from September to October in autumn (from October to November in the south), base fertilizer was applied before defoliation in order to rejuvenate the tree and increase the content of stored nutrients in the plant. As the cherry takes only more than 40 days from flowering to fruit ripening, the amount of stored nutrients affects the size and quality of the fruit to a great extent. Therefore, the application of base fertilizer is very important, accounting for 50% to 70% of the annual fertilizer application. It should be mainly organic fertilizer, such as compost, ring manure, chicken manure, rotten bean cake, etc., and an appropriate amount of superphosphate or calcium methophosphate fertilizer should be added.

In addition to the above-mentioned soil fertilization, 0.5% urea, or 600 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or 0.3% borax solution was sprayed twice at intervals of 10 days from the early flowering stage to the full flowering stage, which was helpful to improve the fruit setting rate.