The latest course of betel nut planting techniques and methods

Betel nut has been planted in China for 1500 years, and it has unique cultural value. It is not only the fruit of love, but also the fruit of becoming rich. It has strong resistance, wide adaptability and high economic value. In addition, betel nut has medicinal value, it is one of the four major southern medicines in China. Betel nut, upright tree posture, is an excellent landscape tree species. In some areas, people also like to chew betel nut fresh fruit, and there are many betel nut processed snack foods. Betel nut is grown in Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Taiwan and other provinces in China. In this program, we will introduce to the audience the morphological characteristics, growth habits, adaptation to the environment, seedling techniques, young tree management, primary fruit tree management and high-yield tree management. I hope that by watching this program, we can let the majority of farmers understand betel nut, learn real technology, and gain some benefits.

Propagation technique of betel nut

Betel nut is mainly propagated by seed breeding.

1. Seed selection before raising seedlings: according to reports, there are 36 known varieties of betel nut in the world, but the one that can be used as medicine is one that we cultivate. From the perspective of betel nut grown in Hainan, there are many different fruit shapes: round, oval, ovate, Obovate, heart-shaped, oblong. The investigation on the relationship between different fruit shape and yield of betel nut shows that there is a great relationship between fruit shape and yield, so seed selection is very important.

① plant selection: the mother tree should be 20 ~ 30 years old, with normal results, stable yield, disease-free plants, no less than 300fruit per plant, no less than 3 receptacles, more than 8 leaves, dark green drooping, uniform size of stem and lower stem, and dense upper and lower nodes.

② ear selection (fruit receptacle): betel nut can begin to bear fruit 7-8 years after planting, but there are only more than 3 fruit receptacles 10 years later, there are 5 fruit receptacles, and individual fruit receptacles can reach 7. Because the first receptacle fruit ripens early and uneven, most of the fruits are long oval and small, and the kernels are fine and not full, so they can not be planted. Therefore, it is appropriate to choose the second and third receptacle as the seed, which generally matures from May to June.

③ seed selection: according to the experience of drug farmers, it is better to use oval or oval seeds, choose a large, full, disease-free spot, no crack, or crack is not obvious, when fully mature, the pericarp is golden yellow.

2. Seed germination: in order to improve seed germination rate and avoid irregular and inconvenient management due to different germination time. After the fruit is harvested, it should be exposed to the sun for 1 or 2 days, so that the seed evaporates part of the water and the pericarp shrinks. And can absorb a certain amount of heat, which is beneficial to seed ripening and differentiation, and can be treated by accelerating germination. There are two methods as follows:

① accumulation sprouting method: spread betel nut fruit near the water source, and can play a shading role under the tree, the ground covered with a layer of about 2 cm of river sand, heap into seeds less than 20 cm high, unlimited length, but to facilitate water, and covered with straw, should not cover thatch (because thatch is easy to induce termites after damp), the thickness should not be seen fruit, watering once a day. About 7-10 days, the exocarp begins to ferment and rot, then it can be washed with water and re-sunned for 1-2 days. Pay attention to turning when drying, so that the temperature is uniform, and then continue to pile up, re-cover straw, water, about 20 days, it is necessary to peel off the pedicel and check. Fruits with small white bud spots should be sown and raised in time. If the bud point (radicle) is too long, it is easy to break when sowing, which affects the seedling emergence rate. So how much to sprout and how much to sow. This method takes about 25 days from stacking to sowing. Drug farmers in producing areas are used to using this method.

② basket sprouting method: if the seeds are not long, you can put the fruit in the basket, cover the basket of El with straw, keep warm and drenched in the house, wait for the pericarp to ferment and rot, wash the basket together with the fruit in the river ditch, and then put it in the house in accordance with the above method. When the white bud point is exposed, you can sow seeds.

3. Seedling cultivation of betel nut

The nursery land should be close to the water source, shaded by certain trees, sunny and sheltered from the wind, sandy loam or loam with fertile and loose, well-drained soil, after deep turning and fine raking, it will be made into a border with a width of 1 meter and a height of 30 centimeters. Then open a small hole according to the plant row spacing of 30 × 30 cm, apply a certain basic fertilizer, sow a seed for budding and dew in each hole, cover the soil 2cm to 3cm, slightly compact, drench to wet, and cover the grass. In a month or so, the seedlings will pop out of the soil one after another. After 1-2 years of cultivation, the seedlings can be transplanted to the field when the seedlings are 50-60 cm high and have more than 6 leaves. Generally, 3500-4000 seedlings can be raised per mu. At present, nutrition bags are mostly used in production to raise seedlings, and the seeds that are about to be germinated and exposed will be put into plastic bags containing nutritious soil, 1 in each bag. The diameter of the nutrition bag is 25 cm and the height of the bag is 30 cm. The bottom of the bag should be punched with 2 or 3 holes to facilitate ventilation and drainage. Nutrition bag seedling has many benefits: it is easy to transplant, reduce root injury, and improve the survival rate.

The nutrient soil is mixed with 1:1 topsoil fat mud and rotten pig and cattle manure to pile up. When raising seedlings, first load into 3pm nutrient soil, then put the seeds that have been germinated and white flat, one for each bag, and cover the soil for about one centimeter, and then put small grains of pond mud on top to prevent hardening.

4. Field cultivation management.

① cover grass with water: in order to avoid the sun shining directly on the border, straw can be used to cover it with natural shade, and a shade canopy should be built. Pay attention to watering in dry days and keep the seedbed moist, but not too much moisture, otherwise it will lead to seed rot.

② fertilization: when the first true leaf unfolds, it is necessary to apply fertilizer, and then topdressing every 20 days or so. Fertilization is best when the top arrow leaves are not unfolded, mainly farm manure. If chemical fertilizer is applied, it should be applied when the soil is wet, but not when dry. The method is to dig ditches (holes) on both sides of the side of the seedlings, and apply 2kg ammonium sulfate per plant (urea halved), or 1:10 appropriate amount of human feces and urine, and cover the soil. When the seedlings grow to 4-5 leaves, can be applied around the seedlings, the concentration increases, the dosage increases, chemical fertilizer 5-6 grams, or 7-8 grams, chemical fertilizer must not be removed on the heart leaves, so as to avoid burns.

③ weeding: it is best to loosen the soil and weed before fertilization, but it should be shallow rather than deep. Cover the weeds around the seedlings and rot and fatten them.

Planting technique of betel nut

1. Planting site selection: forest cutting sites below 300 meters above sea level should be selected for betel nut planting, with the south slope, southeast slope, valley and river ditch on both sides of the wind and sun, as well as the "five sides" in rural areas. Hillside planting, the slope should not be too large, generally within 15 degrees of the gentle slope, the maximum can not exceed 25 degrees.

2. Woodland consolidation: barren hills and barren slopes should be cut before burning and then dug over, with a depth of 30cm to 40cm, and the roots should be dug clean; if the slope exceeds 15 degrees, it should be integrated into a mountain ladder or terrace, tilting 10 to 15 degrees inward, and digging a water storage and water conservation ditch with a depth of 25cm and a width of 25cm on the inside. Then dig holes according to the plant distance of 2 meters, the specification is 60 × 60 × 40 cm, return the fat mud topsoil to the hole, and apply 15 kg base fertilizer to each hole.

3. Planting techniques: in the places with better fertilizer and water and convenient irrigation, it is better to plant from March to April in spring. Hainan is suitable for planting in the rainy season from July to August. Planting should be carried out on cloudy and rainy days, and it is best to choose seedlings whose arrow leaves have not been pulled out and unfolded when digging seedlings, which is easy to survive. When digging, bring more lodging soil to reduce root damage. The lower old leaves can be cut off appropriately. Planting should not be too deep, should be planted straight, steadfast, drenched with water, with straw cover or shade branches, reduce evaporation. If the seedlings are raised in plastic bags, the nutrition bags should be removed when planting. Generally, it is suitable to plant 100,120 plants per mu.

4. Cultivation and management after cultivation

① shade: three or four years after planting, the root system is shallow and the buds are tender. In order to protect seedlings from hot sun exposure and reduce ground water evaporation, crops can be planted between betel nut rows. According to the experience of Tunchang Medicine Farm in Hainan, planting airplane grass, or edamame beans, or other cash crops, or herbal medicines around betel nuts can not only protect the shade, but also prevent soil erosion, keep moist, bury and press green, and increase income. But root crops (sweet potato, cassava) are not suitable.

② weeding and soil cultivation: betel nut should remove weeds frequently in its infancy, weeding 3 or 4 times a year, keep no weeds around the plant, loosen the soil, increase permeability and promote growth. Combined with weeding, it is necessary to cultivate the soil and bury the fleshy roots exposed in the soil to enhance the absorption of water and nutrients by the roots. The weeds removed should also be covered around the plant. increase soil organic matter after decay.

③ fertilization: after betel nut planting, it is necessary to apply fertilizer 3 to 4 times a year, which can be carried out after weeding, the first application of rotten organic fertilizer 250 kilograms per mu, the second application of 500 kilograms per mu, can also be combined with a small amount of chemical fertilizer, fertilization methods: opening holes in the periphery of betel nut stem base, or semilunar shallow ditch, covering the soil strictly. Results the tree was fertilized twice a year, the first time before the bud opening, each plant was treated with 5~IO kg of fecal and urine water, or ammonium sulfate ioo g, and the second time in the green fruit stage, 15 kg green manure or barnyard manure was applied to each plant, and calcium superphosphate IOO g or burning soil 5 kg was added to promote the growth of young fruit. According to the experience of Tunchang Medicine Farm for many years, it is necessary to prevent cold and keep warm in autumn and winter, apply soil miscellaneous fertilizer, burn soil, and add some fish fertilizer, the effect is very good. According to foreign data, mixed application of peanut bran, ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate and superphosphate every three years can increase unit yield.

④ irrigation and drainage: betel nut has strict and high requirements for water. In the season when Rain Water is less, irrigation should be strengthened if possible to ensure the normal growth of plants. But avoid stagnant water, so in the rainy season, it is necessary to dredge ditches in time to avoid stagnant water, in order to prevent infection.