The latest course of olive planting techniques and methods

The olive tree is a subtropical evergreen tree of the olive family, which is native to the Mediterranean coastal areas in southern Europe. It has been widely introduced and planted in 15 provinces and regions, such as Guangdong and Guangxi, south of the Yangtze River basin in China. Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Shaanxi provinces are the most, with extremely high planting value. Let's take a look at olive planting techniques.

Growth habits of olive trees

Olive trees like warmth and need appropriate high temperature in the growing period to grow vigorously. The annual average temperature is above 20 ℃, and the area without severe frost damage is the most suitable for its growth in winter. It can endure a low temperature of minus 3 ℃ for a short time in winter, but serious freezing injury will occur when the temperature drops below 4 ℃. The rainfall can grow normally in the area of 1200mm to 1400mm. It has a wide adaptability to soil, and can be cultivated along rivers, hills and mountains, red-yellow soil and gravel soil, as long as the soil layer is deep and the drainage is good.

Grafting propagation of olive trees

1. Grafting advantage: it takes 6 to 8 years for olive seed planting to enter the fruiting period, and the plant is tall, the management is not convenient, and the coefficient of variation is large. Through grafting, it can bear fruit 3 ~ 4 years ahead of time, and it can dwarf plants and speed up the improvement and renewal of fine varieties.

2. Grafting time: the seedling is from February to the end of March, and the temperature is more than 15-16 ℃, which is the best when the sap begins to flow. The root system of adult trees is deep, and the soil temperature rises relatively slowly, and the high grafting time can be postponed correspondingly and can be extended to April to May.

3. Scion treatment: the scion was cut when the spring shoot sprouted, and the autumn ear strip with short internodes, full bud eyes and the same thickness as the rootstock was selected on the middle-aged tree with excellent high and stable yield. Immediately after cutting off the leaves, wrap them with wet cloth and cover them with plastic bags to prevent the ear strips from losing moisture. Need to be preserved for a long time, we should pay attention to the humidity and nutrient supply in the bag to prevent mildew, pay attention to protect the bud eye and skin from damage during transportation.

4. Grafting method: the scion with 2-5 bud holes was selected, and tongue grafting and cutting were used as the main methods. In order to reduce the problem of wound tannin oxidation and bleeding, the grafting speed should be fast. The rootstock and scion forming layer are aligned and tightened, sealed and bandaged, and a single layer is tightened at the bud hole. Adult trees mainly adopt splicing and splicing, while leaving part of the crown as pumping branches to protect the normal growth of the tree.

5. Dissolving film and wiping buds: the wound healing ability of olive trees is slower than that of other fruit trees. the normal use of degradable film does not need to remove the film, and individual tight ligation needs to be relieved. The film can be released only after the tissue at the interface has completely healed and consolidated, so as to ensure the smooth growth of ear buds. Rootstocks are easy to sprout adventitious buds and should be erased in time in order to reduce the negative effects of competing for nutrients and occupying space with panicles.

Seed propagation of olive tree

The main results are as follows: 1. Seed treatment: the fruit of olive reserved as seed must be fully matured and harvested from late October to November when the outer part of the seed core turns to red carbon. Mix the fresh olive fruit and salt at 10:1 by weight, pour into a jar, step on the core with your foot to separate, then soak in water for 7 hours and 8 hours, then gently tap the grains with a wooden hammer to separate the pulp and core.

2. Stratified sand storage: olive seeds need to be treated by stratification to complete the post-ripening stage, choose a cool indoor shelter from the wind, stratify with clean river sand, the humidity is clutched by hand without water dripping, and can be dispersed into small blocks after release. The ratio of seeds to river sand is 1:3, with one layer of river sand and one layer of seeds, so 4-5 layers are accumulated alternately. Pay attention to check during stratification and control temperature and humidity to prevent mildew and dryness.

3. Sowing method: sowing the seeds from February to March of the following year, soaking the seeds in warm water for 5 hours before sowing is beneficial to sprouting neatly and facilitate the management of fertilization, spraying and water spraying. The plant spacing is about 12 cm × 15 cm when the seedling bed is to be grafted in the original garden, which is too wide, the soil utilization rate is low, and the weeds grow vigorously. It is not convenient to graft too narrow, and at the same time, the seedlings grow badly, which is disadvantageous to strong seedlings. Used for the sale of seedlings or transplanting seedlings, sowing can be intensive. After evenly sowing seeds of 300mm 400 seeds per square meter, press the seeds into the soil with a plank, cover them with 2cm fine soil, cover with straw, and do a good job of heat preservation and moisture preservation.

4. Seedling cultivation: direct sowing in the garden has high survival rate and convenient management. The seedlings were unearthed 40-50 days after sowing, mainly by frequently applying mature human and animal manure, keeping the suitable temperature and humidity of the seedbed and paying attention to the control of diseases and insect pests. The management requirements of moving into the nutrition bag are very strict, but the survival rate of seedlings out of the nursery is 97%-100%, which is deeply recognized by the majority of fruit growers, and several main links should be paid attention to in breeding. The nutrition bag is 25 cm long and 15 cm wide to prevent or reduce the main root from growing too fast at the seedling stage.

5. Seedling transplanting: the soil base fertilizer was applied at the bottom of the bag, and the seedlings were transferred into the bag at the time of 2 leaves and 1 heart, and the starter with long main root could be planted shallowly. Press 8 to 10 bags in a row, each row in a small row, separated by 10 to 15 centimeters in the middle, and finally covered with crushed soil in the middle and around to prevent the loss of watering and the aging of plastic bags.

6. Seedling management: sprinkling a small layer of sawdust and peanut shell powder on the bag seedling soil has the functions of moisturizing, heat preservation and reducing the growth of weeds, which is very beneficial to the survival and growth of seedlings. High temperature and drought in summer, covering shade. Take care to prevent root damage when pulling out weeds or loosening the soil.

Olive planting management

1. Garden selection: olives have the characteristics of warmth and strong drought resistance. The places with average annual temperature of 18-20 ℃ and annual rainfall of 1200-1600mm are suitable for olive growth. The soil layer of the garden is deep and loose, and the soil or sandy loam rich in organic matter is the best. Go to a closed mountain depression where there should not be strong western light or cold air and frost easily. Combined with the actual situation of the garden, choose hillside land or terraced land with convenient transportation, abundant water source and flat topography.

2. Planting method: olive planting chooses Rain Water sufficient season, minimizes root damage when taking seedlings, and removes the leaves of 2, 3, 3 and 4 in time, and the young seedlings without soil are sealed with degradable film to reduce water evaporation. The hole should be dug deep, and the soil should be buried deep or high when planting, and some of the soil should be dug up properly after it is determined to survive. With sufficient water resources, the garden is mixed with water in the hole to make mud, or it is better to put the mud in the paddy field, and cover the soil after planting the root in the mud. When planting, you can not apply inorganic fertilizer or insufficiently mature organic fertilizer to prevent root injury from affecting survival.

3. Maintenance measures: insert bamboo poles to prevent livestock harm and take shading measures. Tree plates can be covered with plastic film or covered with straw to maintain humidity to get through the summer smoothly.

4. Shaping and pruning: olive trees have a strong growth potential, which is easy to cause excessive vegetative growth and affect reproductive growth. It is generally adopted to weaken the top advantage, mainly by light pruning, sparse pruning or appropriate short cutting, so as to promote all levels of branches to form a uniform and compact crown. Olive flowering and fruiting has the characteristics of outer end dominance and most of the annual fruiting branches are developed from the summer and autumn shoots of the previous year. When pruning after fruit picking, we should pay attention to cultivate the summer and autumn shoots around the crown to promote the fruiting branches produced by the Beginning of Spring from later to before sting, the fruit setting rate is the best. In production, combined with water control, root cutting, ring ligation, chemical regulation and other flower promotion measures, ring cutting treatment should be carefully operated and should not be advocated.

5. Fertilizer and water management: the fertilization period and amount of fertilizer are determined according to tree age, tree potential, fruit amount, soil fertility and so on. Generally, pre-flowering fertilizer is applied in March, and medium-speed fertilizer is combined with farm manure. From August to September, strong fruit fertilizer, partial quick effect fertilizer and plant growth regulator topdressing were applied. After fruit harvest, farm organic fertilizer and N, P, K, Ga and other elements should be re-applied, and the soil should be turned over, deeply applied and covered as far as possible. In rainy days, dry and sunny days, irrigation and drainage should be carried out in time to ensure the normal growth of trees, especially in each shoot period and fruit expansion period to ensure proper water supply.

6. Harvest and preservation: timely harvest according to the use and market demand. Olive fruit has more tannins, and it is easy to lose moisture and shrink after harvest, and it can be harvested according to sales, processing quantity or order when picking. At the same time, pay attention to protect the top buds of fruit branches in order to produce fruit branches in the following year, so as to achieve light picking, light loading and transportation without harming the fruit as far as possible. Keeping proper and stable temperature and humidity is the key link of olive preservation. Then it is processed according to different procedures according to the purpose in order to obtain the best economic benefit.

7. pest control: the diseases of olives are lighter than those of other fruit trees such as citrus, green jujube and other fruit trees, such as anthracnose, gum disease, tree gall disease, etc., and the main pests are star room wood lice, small yellow leaf roll moth, whitefly, round scale, longicorn beetles and so on. Measures of "prevention first and comprehensive control" should be taken. [the disease can be sprayed with 1500-fold solution of 70% methyl topiramate or 50% carbendazim in the new shoot or at the initial stage of disease. Pest control can be controlled by spraying 1000 times of trichlorfon, 2000 times of aphid lice, 1500 times of Lexben, or 1500 times of Regent + 12500 times of Aktai. Longicorn beetles combined with artificial killing, will be dipped in the medicine solution of cotton into the insect path fumigation.