The latest course of cultivation techniques and methods of winter jujube

Winter jujube is an excellent variety of late-ripening fresh food of thornless jujube, also known as Miaoshangfu, Yanlaihong, apple jujube and so on. In recent years, the market is in short supply and has high economic value. We can obtain higher economic, ecological and social benefits. Let's take a look at the cultivation techniques of winter jujube.

Morphological characteristics of winter jujube

1. Branches: deciduous small trees, sparse shrubs, up to 10 m high, bark brown or grayish brown, with long branches, short branches and sprouting branchlets smoother than long branches, purplish red or grayish brown, zigzag, with 2 stipules spines, long spines up to 3 cm, stout, short spines recurved, 4 cm long, short branches short, rectangular, arising from old branches, current year's branchlets green, drooping, solitary or 2 clusters on short branches.

2. Leaves: leaves papery, ovate, ovate-elliptic, or ovate moment round, 3-7 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, apex obtuse or rounded, sparsely acute, with a small tip, base slightly asymmetric, suborbicular, margin crenate serrate, dark green above, glabrous, lower light green, glabrous or more or less sparsely hairy along veins, basal Ternate veins, petiole 1 × 6 mm long, or up to 1 cm on long branches. Glabrous or with sparse hairs, stipule spines slender, often deciduous in later stage.

3. Flowers: flowers yellowish green, bisexual, 5-cardinal, glabrous, with short peduncles, solitary or 2-loculed into axillary Cymes, pedicels 2-3 mm long, sepals ovate-triangular, petals Obovate-rounded, base clawed, as long as stamens, disk thick, fleshy, round, 5-lobed, lower part of ovary hidden in disk, connate with disk, 2-loculed, 1 ovule per locule, style 2-cleft.

4. Drupe: drupe moment orbicular or long ovoid, 2 × 3.5 cm long, 1.5 × 2 cm in diameter, red at maturity, then reddish purple, mesocarp fleshy, thick, sweet, nuclear tip acute, base acute or obtuse, 2-loculed, with 1 or 2 seeds, pedicel 2 × 5 mm long, seeds flat-oval, ca. 1 cm long and 8 mm wide. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting period is from August to September.

Cultivation techniques of winter jujube

1. Selecting a site to build a garden: high-quality and non-toxic seedlings with strong growth, developed root system and no diseases and insect pests should be selected when building the garden. The garden should choose fresh air, pure water quality, unpolluted soil, flat terrain, open terrain, sufficient light, fertile soil, good drainage and irrigation conditions, no harmful and toxic substances in the soil, and soil minerals in the normal range. it is appropriate to have no pesticide residues and polluted land.

2. Timely planting: winter jujube has strong adaptability, tolerance to drought and barren, and does not have strict requirements for fertilizer and water. The garden should adopt the method of close planting and dwarfing cultivation, generally 2 to 3 × 3 to 4 meters, with 56 to 111 trees per mu, which plays an obvious role in increasing the early yield of young trees. Winter jujube has high requirements for light, and the row design should be the best in the north-south direction.

3. Fertilizer and water management: winter jujube has a high demand for phosphate fertilizer, which can be planted with 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate and 25 kg of organic fertilizer. Chemical fertilizer is applied once every year from late May, late June to early July and early August. In autumn, organic fertilizer was applied in furrow, 50 to 70 kg of farm manure and 0.5 to 1 kg of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer or the same amount of three-element compound fertilizer. Jujube trees were irrigated once before sprouting, before flowering, during the expansion period of young fruit and before overwintering, and irrigated properly according to drought at other times, drained in time in rainy season, and ploughed and weeded in time after rain. Ploughing and ploughing trees in autumn.

4, flower and fruit management: first, in the early flowering stage, jujube head pick heart, according to the growth strength, respectively leave 3 to 5 secondary branches to pick heart. Second, spray clear water, spray water every 1 to 3 days from the early stage of jujube to full bloom, a total of 3 to 5 times. Third, hormone treatment, spraying 10 to 15 mg / L gibberellin 1 to 2 times at the initial stage of flowering. Fourth, girdling, girdling and girdling. In the fruiting period, the big trees can be girdled on the trunk, and the young trees in the first fruiting period can be girdled on the main branches, so as to achieve the effect of fruiting and tree cultivation. It is better to heal in about 20 days in order to intercept the nutrition and protect the fruit on the tree.

5. Shaping and pruning: the tree shape of winter jujube is determined according to the planting density. For 55-100 trees per mu, it is appropriate to adopt small crown and sparse layer shape, maintain ventilation and transparent light, plant and fix the stem height from 70 to 80 cm, and cultivate 5 to 6 main branches year by year. In winter and summer pruning, we should timely remove the long branches, cut short and lengthen the branches, and cut through the dense branches and weak branches, so as to maintain the balance of the tree potential, keep the crown ventilated and transparent, and withdraw the long fruiting branches in time. Renew and rejuvenate the local branches.

6. disease control: jujube diseases and insect pests mainly include leaf mites, peach heart borer, jujube buqu, jujube rust, jujube fruit shrinkage disease, jujube mad disease and so on. 1000 times omethoate EC was sprayed 1 to 2 times during germination and leaf expansion period, and 2500 times EC was sprayed 1 to 2 times during the occurrence of leaf mites from late May to early June. Pyrethroids pesticides were sprayed 2 to 3 times from mid-July to mid-August to control peach heart borer and jujube step koji. Spraying fungicide every 15 to 20 days in July, August and September can be used alternately with Bordeaux solution and carbendazim solution or methyl thiophanate wettable powder 1000 times solution to control jujube rust and fruit shrinkage disease. If jujube mad disease is found, the diseased branches should be cut off in light cases, and the diseased branches should be removed in time if the disease is serious.

7. Harvest and storage: winter jujube is a fresh variety, which is often picked by hand. The same winter jujube can be harvested in 2 to 3 times according to the situation. Harvest by stages can not only increase the yield, but also improve the quality. After harvest, it is generally stored in cold storage, which can inhibit the production of ethylene in winter jujube under the condition of low temperature. The best temperature for cold storage is about 1 ℃, and its relative humidity should be maintained at about 98%, waiting for New Year's Day to supply the market during the Spring Festival.

Stage management of winter jujube

1. Dormant period (November to March of the following year)

After ① defoliation, remove the grass handle, scrape the bark, cut off the disease and insect branches, dead branches, damaged branches, clean up the dead branches and leaves in the jujube garden, concentrate on burning, and eliminate the overwintering diseases and insect pests.

After scraping off the old bark of ②, the trunk was whitened (0.5 phr of vegetable oil, 5 phr of stone-sulfur mixture, 0.1phr of salt, 10 phr of quicklime and 30 phr of water). Combined with whitening, the overwintering tortoise wax scale and pear round scale were brushed off the trunk.

Before ③ freezing, turn the tree plate deeply, pick up cocoons and pupae, eliminate the overwintering pests such as jujube inchworm, green-blind bug, peach small, jujube gall midge and peach moth, and pour frozen water once.

④ sprayed 5 °Be stone sulfur mixture once in late November and early March to eliminate overwintering leaf mites, scale insects and dry rot.

In the middle and last ten days of March, ⑤ wrapped a plastic belt 6cm wide in the lower part of the leaves and rolled the upper part to prevent the jujube inchworm from growing on the tree. At the same time, it tied p1000 times the permethrin drug ring and replaced it once a month to poison the jujube inchworm and jujube bud weevil.

Before sprouting, ⑥ combined with watering nitrogen fertilizer, 3-year-old trees applied urea or diammonium 150g / 1000g, the results showed that the trees applied 500g / 1000g urine, the jujube orchards with leaflet disease or yellow leaf disease, zinc sulfate or ferrous sulfate 500g / 1000g, ring-shaped multi-point application. Each plant was sprayed with 20ml Hekang saline-alkali scavenger before watering in saline-alkali land. The young trees are watered and covered with plastic film.

2. Budding period (April)

① was pruned before germination, and the skeleton structure was cultivated and adjusted to make the layout reasonable, ventilated and transparent. 1-year-old 4-year-old young trees generally do not thinning branches, more than 5 years old, treated dense branches, only long branches, 7-year-old 8-year-old fruiting branches group timely renewal, unpulled branches of trees open angles.

At the initial stage of ② germination, 0.3 °0.5 °Be stone-sulfur mixture was sprayed to control red spiders and scale insects.

③ used black light to trap and kill the adult Jujube armyworm.

After ④ germination, erase the inappropriate or redundant jujube in time.

⑤ sprayed 5% carbazem EC 1000 times or 10% imidacloprid 4000 times or chlorpyrifos + thiazuron 3 2000 times in mid-late April to control jujube inchworm, red spider, jujube armyworm, jujube bud weevil, green blind bugs, jujube gall midge, etc.

In late April, ⑥ killed jujube gall midge, jujube bud weevil and so on by spraying phoxim particles and shallow hoeing in the tree plate within 1 m from the trunk.

3. Branch and leaf spreading period (early and middle May)

In the first ten days of May, ① sprayed 99.1% of 2000 times of Jujube 3 EC (or + 1000 times of fruit insecticidal) to control jujube gall midge, red spider, gypsy moth, green bugs, jujube inchworm, etc., twice every 10 days.

In the middle of ② in the middle of May, the jujube garden was watered with pre-flowering water once in the dry year, and the diammonium phosphate was applied to the young trees at 150g to 300g and to the fruit trees at 500g to 1000g. For the upright growth of jujube, the opening angle of the branches should be pulled, the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the tree should be improved, the growth potential should be relaxed and the fruit setting should be promoted.

4. Early flowering period (late May)

① carried out coring on jujube heads in late May and secondary branches from late May to early June. Jujube hanging and heart-picking was carried out in mid-late June. The earlier the heart is picked, the better the effect of flower and fruit protection.

Before flowering, ② sprayed 10% Liuyangmycin 1000 times + 10% nicotine EC + Jiatuo800x or 2000 times + Jiatuojing liquid to control jujube tick, jujube armyworm, red spider, jujube black spot and so on.

From late May to early June, it is best for ③ to kill peach small pests in a tree plate within 1 m from the trunk after rain.

5. Florescence (June)

①, when each jujube blossoms 3-8, ring peel or ring cut. Generally, the width of girdling should not be more than 1 cm, and the width should not exceed 1 cm. It is appropriate to heal in 25 days. Big trees and strong trees should be wider, while small trees and weak trees should be narrow. Trees that are too thin or too weak should be cut 2-3 knives on the trunk or main branch at intervals of 3-5 cm, and then cut 1 knife after 1 week. After 10 days of girdling, apply 1000 times of fruit worm to prevent onychomycosis. Generally, jujube trees can only be girded once a year, and individual overprosperous trees can be girded twice.

In the first and middle of ② in June, 15 mg / kg gibberellin was sprayed once when jujube blossomed to 5: 8, while 0.2-0.3% borax and 0.5% glucose were added to increase the fruit setting rate.

When ③ flowers bloom nearly 50%, you can spray water 2 times or 3 times at 2-day intervals in the evening or add 0.3% urea or 600x jujube extra abundant, in order to protect flowers and fruits.

④ captured beetles, yellow spot bugs, jujube bud weevil and other pests artificially in late June.

From late June to early July, ③ sprayed mite Chongqing 2000 times + Baoer 2000 times + isocarbamide 600times + jujube Tefeng 800times to control jujube armyworm, peach small, cotton bollworm, beet armyworm, red spider, tortoise wax scale, yellow spot bug, ring grain disease, rust, jujube leaf spot and so on.

From late June to early July, the young trees were treated with 150g diammonium phosphate and 500g potassium sulfate, doubling the fruit trees and watering the fruit water once combined with fertilization. After watering, the jujube garden is covered with wheat straw or weeds 20 to 25 centimeters thick, and the grass is compacted with soil to prevent the wind from blowing.

6. Young fruit stage (July)

① sprayed Bordeaux liquid once in early July to prevent jujube rust. The adults of leopard bark moth were trapped and killed by black light. BT emulsion was sprayed 500x to control peach small and tortoise wax scale nymphs.

② thinned fruit in the early and middle of July, one fruit per jujube in Qiangwang tree, one fruit in two jujube in middle tree and one fruit in three jujube in weak tree, in order to increase single fruit weight and reduce fruit drop.

In the middle of July, ③ sprayed streptomycin + 100,140 international unit streptomycin + jujube Tefeng 600 times to control beet armyworm, cotton bollworm, jujube rust, jujube leaf spot, ring disease, fruit shrinkage disease and so on.

④ sprayed 400 times of Ludebao + 1500 times of Baiwei in late July to control jujube rust, jujube leaf spot, ring disease, red spider and so on.

7. Fruit expansion period (August)

In the first ten days of August, ① sprayed 1% agricultural antibiotic 751 water agent 300 times + 100,140 international units of agricultural streptomycin to control jujube fruit shrinkage disease and jujube spot disease.

② sprayed 10% nicotine EC or 10% polyoxymycin in mid-late August to control jujube armyworm, heart borer, spot leaf disease and fruit disease.

8. Fruit coloring period (September)

In the first ten days of September, ① sprayed uniconazole 1000 times + 140international unit streptomycin + Zaotefeng 600times + Merrill Lynch calcium to control jujube rust, anthracnose, fruit shrinkage, peach small, tortoise wax scale and so on. At the same time, it could improve fruit quality and enhance fruit storability.

In early September, ② tied grass handles at the base of tree trunks and big branches to trap overwintering pests such as jujube armyworm, jujube armyworm, red spider and so on.

In the middle of September, ③ sprayed chlorpromazine 600 times + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 300 times to control ring disease.

④ applied basal fertilizer in jujube orchard in mid-late September, applied 1030kg organic fertilizer, 0.25kg calcium fertilizer and 0.150.25kg urea to 1-3-year-old trees. The 4-year-old 8-year-old trees applied 5075 kg of organic fertilizer, 0.5 kg of calcium fertilizer and 0.2 kg of urea. Trees deficient in iron and zinc can increase the application of iron and zinc fertilizer.

9. Fruit ripening period (October)

① sprayed silver fruit 600 times + high efficiency calcium + agricultural streptomycin at the beginning of October to improve fruit quality and storability and control fruit rot.

② began to harvest winter jujube in batches from the first and middle of October, preferably after the dew dried in the early morning.

After ③ fruit picking, the trees were sprayed with 600x carbendazim or 800x methyl topiramate, and the fruits of diseases and insect pests were collected and destroyed to reduce the source of diseases and insect pests.