Where is brown soil distributed in China? What is suitable for growing?

Brown soil is a kind of soil widely distributed in northern China, and it is an important forest and agricultural soil. So, in which areas of our country is brown soil distributed? What is suitable for growing?

Brown soil, also known as brown forest soil, is the soil formed under warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. its main characteristic is slightly acidic reaction, the core soil layer (layer B) is bright brown, and the soil parent material is mostly acid parent rock weathering. The climatic conditions in brown soil area are characterized by warm, hot and rainy summer, cold and dry winter, annual average temperature of 5: 14 ℃, accumulated temperature of more than 10 ℃, seasonal permafrost depth of 50-100 cm, annual precipitation of about 500-1000 cm, dryness between 0.5-1.0 frost-free period of 120-220 days. However, due to the influence of the southeast monsoon, land and sea location and topography, the regional differences between the east and the west are extremely obvious.

Brown soil is widely distributed in Europe, such as Britain, France, Germany, Sweden, the Balkans and the southern mountains of the European part of the former Soviet Union. It is distributed in North America and the eastern United States, and in Asia, mainly in China, northern Korea and Japan.

The distribution of brown soil in China, longitudinally across Liaodong and Shandong Peninsula, the band is roughly northward. In addition, in the semi-humid and semi-arid mountains, such as Yanshan, Taihang, Songshan, Qinling, Funiu Mountain, Luliang Mountain and Zhongtiao Mountain, brown soil is distributed in the upper part of the mountain.

Brown soil and cinnamon soil are leached and semi-leached soils distributed in warm humid forests and semi-humid arid forests and shrubs and grasslands in China. They are generally located in the high plain topography between latitude 36-44 °N and longitude 112-128 °E. including Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, the southern foot of Yanshan, North China Plain and both sides of Taihang Mountains, the southeastern foot of the Loess Plateau and Guanzhong Plain Administratively, including Jilin, Liao, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces, cities and regions, it is the main agricultural and fruit producing areas in northern China, especially the three major crops such as wheat, corn and cotton, as well as fresh dried fruits such as apples, pears and chestnuts.

Brown soil region has good ecological conditions, rich biological resources and high soil fertility. Brown soil area has become an important production base for the development of agriculture, forestry, fruit trees, tussah silkworms and medicinal materials in China. Subtropical mountain brown soil is distributed in the vertical zone of 1500-3600 meters, which is the production base of timber forest and water source forest in southwest China. For example, the mountain brown soil in the southern part of Beiyunling-Shaluli Mountain in Yunnan Province is dominated by spruce on the north slope. In addition to spruce forest on the south slope, there are alpine pine forest and alpine oak forest with fertile soil, high organic matter content and high forest yield.

However, at present, excessive logging, deterioration of the ecological environment, serious soil erosion, frequent natural disasters, many mountain areas have varying degrees of debris flow. The key point of transformation and utilization is that the natural regeneration of spruce forest base is difficult, and artificial renewal can be adopted to build larch, Pinus tabulaeformis, spruce and so on. Develop water source forest, timber forest and fuel forest to conserve soil and water and conserve water. At the same time, make full use of the vast forest pastures and forest grasslands to develop herbivorous animal husbandry, organize the mining of wild medicinal materials, protect rare birds and animals in the forest, and create better environmental conditions for the survival and reproduction of wild animals.

From the perspective of soil utilization, brown soil is not only an important forest soil, but also an important agricultural soil, which has great economic value. Tidal brown soil is distributed in the Piedmont alluvial plain, used in agriculture, mostly drought and waterlogging, is an important grain production base. Common brown soil is distributed in the foothills and hilly gentle slopes, and it is also used in agriculture, some of which have heavy soil erosion and poor water and fertilizer conditions, so it is necessary to take soil and water conservation measures and further develop irrigation and strengthen fertilization. Some albino brown soils are distributed in denudation and accumulation hills, which are mostly used in agriculture, and their fertility is very low and need to be improved; some are distributed in mountainous areas and are mainly used in forestry. Acid brown soil is distributed in mountainous areas, which is mostly used in forestry, and some are barren mountains, which need to be planted for afforestation. Coarse-boned brown soil is distributed in low hills, mostly used for planting peanuts and tussah hay (for raising tussah silkworms); distributed in high hills and mountains, mostly barren mountains and sparse forests, soil and water loss is very serious, soil and water conservation measures should be taken urgently.