Actively explore a new development model of agricultural modernization in line with national conditions

Since 2004, the No. 1 document of the Central Committee has focused on "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" for the 12th time in a row, which has played an important role in promoting the development of agriculture in our country. General Secretary Xi Jinping also pointed out in his relevant speech that without the modernization of agriculture, farmers, and rural areas, there would be no modernization of China; without the well-off of farmers, it would be impossible to build a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. However, in recent years, under the background of slowing down of economic growth at home and abroad, increasing operational risks, domestic economic restructuring and continuous reform in various fields, agricultural development is facing many new bottlenecks, which affect the overall development of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Looking to the future, China's economic growth must emancipate the mind and speed up reform and opening up. The new round of development of our country can start with the rural reform, through the reform practice of the land system such as the "stock field system", and optimize the agricultural development model by drawing lessons from the international experience, in order to accelerate the agricultural modernization, and then promote the modernization of rural areas and farmers.

China's agricultural development is facing new bottlenecks

(1) the level of agricultural modernization is not high and its development lags behind

Agricultural modernization is to assemble agriculture with modern science and technology and production means, organize and manage agriculture with advanced scientific methods, and improve the cultural and technical quality of agricultural producers. The process of gradually transforming the backward traditional agriculture into a modern agriculture with a high level of productivity and sustainable development. Agricultural modernization is not only the inevitable result of the development of productive forces, but also the objective requirement of the continuous development of national economy. However, in the process of the development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization and agricultural modernization, the development of agricultural modernization lags behind and becomes the weakest link and deficiency in the construction of modernization.

At present, there is no unified standard for measuring the level of agricultural modernization in China. however, it is usually measured from several dimensions, such as the level of agricultural mechanization, the quality of agricultural labor force, the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology, agricultural production capacity, the level of agricultural industrialization, the level of agricultural sustainable development and so on. From the relevant data and materials of these indicators, we can see that there is still a lot of gap in the level of agricultural modernization between China and the developed countries. Relevant research shows that China's comprehensive agricultural modernization index is 38, ranking 65th in the world. In addition, according to the data of the Ministry of Science and Technology of our country, there is a gap of about 20 years between China's agricultural modernization and the developed countries in Europe and America, which is mainly reflected in the scientific and technological level, information level, financial ability, management level and so on.

Affected by the lagging development of agricultural modernization, the level of rural modernization in our country is also low. The overall lack of planning and backward development in rural areas. The construction of rural infrastructure lags behind, especially public services such as health care and education are very scarce and the conditions are very poor. The school buildings of many primary and secondary schools are still very dilapidated and the educational infrastructure is seriously inadequate. In addition, China's rural financial institutions have few outlets, single type of service, high difficulty in loan, low degree of financial access, and low degree of democracy, participation in social management and legal system in rural areas.

(2) China's current land system arrangement has been seriously distorted, exposing many drawbacks.

1. The household contract responsibility system has been difficult to meet the needs of the development of agricultural modernization, and restricts the development of rural industrialization and the integration of urban and rural areas. (1) the system of equal distribution of agricultural land within the collective leads to the outstanding phenomenon of land fragmentation and decentralization, reduces the level of agricultural scale operation and profit margin, and restricts the pace of agricultural modernization. The land system reform with the household contract responsibility system as the core implemented in the early 1980s increased farmers' income and promoted the development of rural economy. However, with the increase of population, the land contract system continues to subdivide the land, so it is difficult to achieve agricultural scale operation and modernization. At present, the per capita cultivated land in China has shrunk to 1.5 mu, and the per capita arable land in 14 provinces and regions is less than 1 mu, of which the per capita arable land area in 6 provinces is less than 0.5 mu. According to the United Nations, one mu of arable land is the basic condition for maintaining a person's minimum survival, and it is meaningless for China to continue to subdivide the land. (2) there is a contradiction between the household contract responsibility system and rural industrialization. The development of township industry needs to solve the problem of regional concentration, and it encounters resistance from farmers and economic cooperatives in the process of expropriating land to establish township development zones; due to the soaring land prices, farmers are unwilling to give up their land. some farmers who have been transferred to non-agricultural areas have also asked to return to the countryside.

(3) the household contract responsibility system is not conducive to the integration of urban and rural areas. The property right of land is scattered in the hands of natural villages and farmers, which restricts the unified planning and management of village and town construction at the town level and management area.

2. China's farmland contracting system is faced with a complex dilemma between equality and efficiency.

For the vast majority of Chinese farmers, agricultural land has always been an important source of their economic income. therefore, in the case of rural collective land ownership, equal distribution of land and land adjustment according to population changes has become the inherent demand of China's agricultural land collective ownership and household contract system. But the problem is that the frequent administrative adjustment of land not only directly leads to the ultra-small scale of agricultural management, but also inevitably affects the enthusiasm of agricultural land users to invest in land. it may even lead to extensive use of land, destruction of land productivity and reduction of land output. For this reason, the central government has always stressed the need to stabilize the right to land contract, stipulating that "land contract will remain unchanged for 30 years", "land will not be increased, and land will not be reduced." however, the pressure of population changes among different families in rural villages on land adjustment continues to appear, and the Land contract Law can not be effectively implemented.

3. China's unique land expropriation system makes the local government become the actual main body of land supply. with the change of land use, the government takes the place of farmers to become the owner of land and the operator of urban land.

Under the existing legal framework of land management in China, the main body of non-agricultural land conversion is government agencies at all levels, while the main body of non-agricultural land ownership is the rural collective. The government has become the sole arbiter of the transformation of agricultural land into urban land and has the exclusive right to obtain land from rural areas and transfer it to urban use. After the tax-sharing system in 1994, the local government's pattern of "relying on finance for food and land for construction" was basically formed and continuously strengthened, resulting in the end of "land finance", pushing up real estate prices to a large extent and making the protection of cultivated land empty talk; too broad land expropriation system leads to continuous conflicts, farmers' rights and interests are not fully protected, endangering social stability.

(3) under the high-speed urbanization, the trend of part-time, sub-industrialization and aging of agriculture has become increasingly prominent.

Due to the process of urbanization and the rapid development of township enterprises, a large number of strong rural labor force are invested in non-agricultural industries, while agricultural production is left to women, children and the elderly. According to statistics, the total number of migrant workers in China has reached 263 million, of which more than 160 million are migrant workers. The existing agricultural small-scale production, sub-production and aging have begun to affect the comparative advantages of China's agriculture and hinder the realization of agricultural modernization. They lead to a decline in the enthusiasm of farmers to adopt new technologies, affect the role of agricultural mechanization, and hinder the improvement of agricultural productivity.

Moreover, subject to the long-term dual structure of urban and rural areas and supporting factors such as social security, education and housing, the rural population can not achieve complete migration in the process of moving to the city, and the mechanism of "leaving the soil" for those who go out to work and do business can not be started, resulting in the situation of "leaving the land without leaving the hometown", which has greatly affected the stability of land property rights in rural areas.

(4) the competitiveness of China's agricultural products has weakened, and industrial security is facing new challenges.

China's long-standing bottom purchase policy, rising cost of means of production and scattered small-scale peasant economy have led to the domestic price of major agricultural products being more than 20% higher than that of the international market, and the competitiveness of China's agricultural products has weakened.

From 2013 to 2014, China temporarily collected and stored 69.19 million tons of corn and 6.29 million tons of cotton, with an one-year interest and maintenance cost of about 2000 yuan per ton of cotton. The temporary collection and storage of rapeseed oil was as high as 6 million tons, and if sold at market prices, the price difference loss exceeded 15 billion yuan. Sugar temporary collection and storage inventory accumulated about 5 million tons, and the hidden loss is estimated to exceed 20 billion yuan. From 2006 to 2012, the average annual price increase of rice, wheat, corn, cotton, rapeseed and sugarcane in China was lower than that in the same period. By 2013, the domestic price of staple agricultural products in China has been higher than the international price.

At the same time, driven by the price difference, the import of major agricultural products in China has surged, endangering the safety of the agricultural industry. "the War of Soybean" is a typical manifestation. As the average area of soybean growers in China is small, it is difficult to have economies of scale, the production cost is more than 30% higher than that of the United States, and the soybean market is highly open. Under the comparative benefits, the domestic soybean planting area continues to decrease.

Therefore, how to continue to strengthen the basic position of agriculture, improve rural living conditions and promote the continuous increase of farmers' income in the general environment of slowing down domestic economic growth and urbanization? How to establish relevant new mechanisms and systems through effective land system reform and supporting reform measures, so as to achieve "spatial urbanization" and "population urbanization" under the condition of both efficiency and fairness? at the same time, promote the effective allocation of land resources in rural areas, the expansion of agricultural management scale, and the rational circulation of agricultural land and rural residential land. How to overcome the natural endowment of large population and little land, give full play to comparative advantages, innovate agricultural support and protection policies and improve agricultural competitiveness under the "double squeeze" at home and abroad; how to ensure the effective supply, quality and safety of agricultural products and enhance the ability of agricultural sustainable development under the hard constraints of resources and environment. All these have become the key to coordinate the contradictions between urban and rural areas, promote agricultural modernization and achieve the goal of "guiding the overall economic and social development with the scientific concept of development and coordinating urban and rural development" put forward by the central government.

The course and Enlightenment of the Reform of Land system in China

Land is the foundation of agricultural production, and land system is the root of Chinese society, economy and politics. With the development of economy and society and the acceleration of urbanization, the land issue is particularly important in China. Solving the land problem and reforming the land system have become the key to promote the development of agricultural modernization, and then promote the modernization of rural areas and farmers. "in view of the past and have the resources to govern the way", only by first explaining the land changes in previous dynasties, figuring out various constraints, and properly comparing them with those in overseas countries and today's China, can a more suitable top-level design be made.

(1) the course of land system reform in China

China's land system can be traced back to the "well field system" of the Zhou Dynasty, which is a kind of state ownership in ancient times. The ownership of "public land" and "private land" belongs to the emperor of Zhou Dynasty, while the usufruct or "contracted management right" belongs to the princes. its core is to sort out the "relations of production" and "social context", and clarify the distribution of land ownership, the use of labor and the collection and payment of land rent. After that, Shang Yang's reform, "abandoning well fields and opening buildings", guaranteed the rights and interests of "private land", allowed land to be bought and sold freely, and created an institutional model that continued nearly 2000 years; but the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce" and small family formed at this time closed the possibility of fundamental reform of land, and the subsequent land reform basically focused on the division of tax interests, but lacked the reform of property rights and political system.

After the Revolution of 1911, Sun Yat-sen put forward the slogan of "land to the tiller", and then both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party carried out land reform around this goal. However, the Kuomintang did not promote it very well, and it was only after arriving in Taiwan that it carried out three successful land reforms. From 1946 to 1956, our party carried out the principle of "land to the tiller" and set up cooperatives, which played a relatively positive role during this period; but the people's commune system implemented in 1958 deprived farmers of their land in disguise until the "de-collectivization" reform in 1978, which enabled farmers to have the right to contracted management of land, stimulated production enthusiasm and promoted the development of rural economy.

In recent years, driven by land circulation, some modes of land reform have also been promoted in all parts of the country, including Tianjin's homestead exchange and Chongqing's "land ticket" mode, which have played a certain role in exploring the optimal allocation of land resources in suburban or long-distance cities, activating urban and rural factor markets, feeding back the "three rural areas", boosting the reform of the household registration system, and accelerating urbanization. However, compared with Xiaogang Village's abolition of the people's commune and the land contract system in 1978, None of them had a very revolutionary effect on the development of agriculture as a whole.

(2) Enlightenment from China's land system reform

1. The land system needs to change from time to time and adapt to the stage of economic and social development. At present, we should fully absorb historical experience and accelerate the reform of land system. However, when carrying out system reform, we should adjust measures to local conditions under the established objectives, rather than "one size fits all" in the whole country. Flexible and diverse methods can be adopted to achieve the goal, which can reduce the resistance of reform and achieve the effect of twice the result with half the effort. 2. The changes of land system in Chinese dynasties were mostly related to financial factors (so-called tax sources, grain and military sources), and did not connect the land system arrangement with the protection of common people's property rights and civilian politics. At present, the reform should enable farmers to have relatively complete property rights to land, speed up the flexible circulation of land, reduce administrative intervention and reduce system costs. 3. The design of land policy should go through in-depth and on-the-spot preliminary research, and the plan should be carried out first; the implementation of land reform should be guided by legal policies, and more importantly, there should be practical administrative impetus. 4. The development of agriculture needs a loose policy environment. The government needs to reduce tax burden, simplify tax varieties, realize tax fairness and effectively protect farmers 'rights and interests. 5. A certain degree of land concentration plays a positive role in promoting the popularization of agricultural technology, the accumulation of wealth and the improvement of agricultural productivity. Strengthening scale benefit, mechanized farming, commercialized production, enterprise management and all-round financial support are positive measures to promote modern agriculture.