Adjust the agricultural structure to change and promote development

The first document of 2015 proposed to further promote the adjustment of the agricultural structure, carry out pilot projects for the combination of grain feeding and planting and breeding, and promote the coordinated development of the ternary planting structure of grain, cash crops and forage. The "opinions" just promulgated once again clearly put forward the objectives and measures for the adjustment of agricultural structure. It can be said that behind the "twelve consecutive increases" in summer grain production this year, China's agriculture closely revolves around the main line of work of "stabilizing grain income, adjusting structure, improving quality and increasing efficiency."

China has a vast territory and various types of agricultural natural resources. according to the resource characteristics and market conditions of each region, we should rationally allocate natural resources and factors of production, determine the direction of development according to local conditions, guide industrial division of labor and cooperation, and optimize the layout of agricultural productive forces. it is an important part of agricultural structure adjustment. The adjustment of agricultural structure is directly affected by the market and resources, and is closely connected with the agricultural management system, production system and industrial system. Therefore, promoting the adjustment of agricultural structure is a complex system engineering and gradual process.

Construction of planting and breeding combined with circular agriculture under the guidance of ecological protection

The structural allocation of planting and breeding industry is the basic framework of agricultural industrial structure, and optimizing the structure of planting and aquaculture industry is the main task to change the mode of agricultural development. At present, the proportion of diversified agriculture with agriculture and animal husbandry as the main body in China is unreasonable, and the proportion of the output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing is about 13, 1, 8 and 2. The structure of agriculture and animal husbandry in the United States is roughly balanced, and the ratio of planting to animal husbandry is 1:1.

Due to the imbalance of planting and breeding industry in China for a long time, the utilization of resources has not formed a chain, with the continuous increase of the output of agricultural products, agricultural waste has increased sharply. Livestock and poultry manure from large-scale farms in the south can not be absorbed on the spot, resulting in non-point source pollution; after corn harvest in Northeast China, straw can not be fully utilized as resources, and burning causes disasters. It can be said that the faster the development of isolated industries, the greater the potential threat to the ecological environment. Once a link of an industry has problems, its regional environment will be destroyed. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of balance between developing production and protecting ecology from the source, and to develop agricultural production under the guidance of ecological construction, it is necessary to apply the thinking mode of "temporary cure first" of traditional Chinese medicine, and popularize the circular agricultural model of planting and aquaculture industry. build a circular agricultural system, turn wastes into resources, make resources efficient, alleviate the pressure on resources, ecology and environment, and improve agricultural benefits.

There are also typical models of planting and breeding circular agriculture in different regions of China, based on the characteristics of resources and environment, industrial foundation and breeding habits, with the conservation of resource utilization, the cleanliness of production process and the utilization of waste as the main line. make full use of the characteristics of agricultural organisms, respect the laws of natural ecology, and make a scientific layout of planting crops and breeding livestock. Construct the inter-industry circular chain and different levels of ecological circular agricultural system. At the same time, agricultural microorganism is not only a necessary intermediate link to establish the cycle of planting and breeding industry, but also an important way to eliminate agricultural wastes. In the structural adjustment, the unique function of agricultural microorganisms in decomposing agricultural wastes and environmental organic matter should be brought into full play.

Adjust the planting system with the goal of sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources

Crop rotation is the basic means to maintain new soil fertility, and it is also the quintessence of traditional agricultural planting methods in China for thousands of years. Reasonable rotation system, fallow and intercropping and multiple cropping systems can not only realize the combination of land use and land cultivation, ensure the sustainable use of cultivated land resources, but also achieve "storing grain in the soil" and ensure the coordination and stability of the ecological environment.

However, with the development of modern agriculture, the improvement of agricultural technology and the drive of economic benefits, the regional single planting structure is becoming more and more common, and the continuous cropping area is expanding. For example, in recent years, a large area of corn has been planted in Northeast China, and the original dominant crop soybean planting area has been shrinking, breaking the original balance of corn-soybean rotation. In 2013, the planting area of corn in the three northeastern provinces has exceeded 160 million mu, which is 3.6 times that of soybean, and the yield of corn has reached 75 million tons, 15 times that of soybean. While we transport a large amount of corn from the black soil, we ignore the soil fertility and cultivated land protection caused by soybean nitrogen fixation, resulting in the decline of soil organic matter and other black soil degradation problems, which have to pay a huge restoration cost and ecological cost. At the same time, the product brought by single planting is single, which not only increases the inventory pressure of single variety, but also increases the market risk.

The planting system of soil fertility restoration should proceed from the overall situation and in the long run to ensure the quantity, quality and ecological security of cultivated land resources. The opinion points out that emphasis should be placed on promoting corn / soybean (peanut) rotation in Northeast China, corn / peanut (soybean) intercropping in Huang-Huai-Hai region, double-cropping rice-green manure or rice-rape planting in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, corn / soybean intercropping in southwest China, and corn / potato (soybean) rotation in Northwest China.

Optimizing the structure of grain and feed under the guidance of meeting the change of consumption demand

In recent years animal husbandry has developed rapidly among which the growth of herbivorous animal husbandry is the most significant. From 1990 to 2013, pork production grew at an average annual rate of 4.0%, beef and mutton production increased at an average annual rate of 8.0% and 6.2%, and the proportion of beef and mutton in meat production increased from 8.1% to 12.7%. At present, the import of corn and soybean meal in China is increasing sharply, the gap between supply and demand of feed grain is expanding, and the threat of insufficient supply of feed grain to national food security is increasing. If we do not timely adjust the internal structure of agriculture and speed up the development of herbivorous animal husbandry, there will be a situation of livestock and poultry competing with people for food.

The development of herbivorous animal husbandry is based on forage, taking the coordinated development of "grain, economy, grass and livestock" as the main line to adjust the variety structure and layout changes within planting production and animal husbandry, so as to form a "both grain and forage" agricultural structure. Replacing part of feed grains with high-quality forage grass will not only help to ensure human food demand, but also promote the development of grass industry, enhance the production capacity of dairy cows, beef cattle and sheep, increase the supply of herbivorous livestock products and ensure the quality and safety of herbivorous livestock products. In addition, low-yield farmland and sloping land recommendation, grass field rotation and other agricultural land use can make full use of light, heat, water, soil and other resources, improve the efficiency of resource utilization, but also improve soil fertility and promote the sustainable use of cultivated land.

The key areas for the development of herbivorous animal husbandry are the traditional pastoral areas and the ecotone of agriculture and animal husbandry, which is rich in forage, forage crops and straw resources, which can effectively alleviate the pressure of feed grain production by "exchanging grass (straw) for meat". It can also make China's agricultural production structure and layout more coordinated, make China's agricultural supply and demand structure more reasonable, so as to promote the optimization of China's agricultural structure and the development of modern agriculture.