What are the methods of soilless cultivation of vegetables at home? Which green vegetables are suitable for family soilless cultivation?

In recent years, more and more friends like to grow some vegetables at home. While greening the environment, they can also harvest truly pollution-free and pollution-free vegetables. On the other hand, the traditional soil-grown vegetables are difficult to manage, and they are easy to dirty the home environment. Therefore, many friends began to choose soilless cultivation of vegetables. So what are the methods of soilless cultivation of vegetables in the family? Which green vegetables are suitable for family soilless cultivation?

First, it is suitable to grow vegetable varieties on the family balcony.

Suitable for growing vegetables in the family balcony varieties are divided into leafy vegetables and melon and fruit vegetables.

1. Leafy vegetables

There are two types: long-season harvest and short-season harvest. Suitable for long-season planting are purple back sunflower, white Phoenix cabbage, green kale, leaf beet, celery, watercress and other varieties, which can be harvested one after another, and the harvest time is as long as 3-6 months.

Suitable for short season planting are cream lettuce, purple leaf lettuce, Rosa wrinkle lettuce, Roman upright lettuce, fast-growing lettuce, red oak leaf lettuce, green oak leaf lettuce, yellow heart bitter chicory, big leaf chrysanthemum, Artemisia annua, red stem leaf beet, yellow stem leaf beet, white stem leaf beet, celery, water celery, green rape, purple rape, small pine lettuce, watercress, hollow cabbage, thousand-gluten white stem Beijing water cabbage, golden silk mustard, Egg leaf nonn lettuce and other more than 20 leafy vegetables.

Once harvested 25-30 days after planting, the weight of a single plant is 150-200 g; it can also be harvested many times with outer leaves, such as red, yellow, dark green, light green, purple and so on. Citizens can plant vegetables of several colors on a device to form different styles of landscape.

2. Melons and fruits vegetables

Mainly tomatoes, cherry tomatoes, clusters of tomatoes, eggplant, chili peppers, colored peppers, mini cucumbers, ornamental pumpkins, Beibei pumpkins, zucchini, melons, pocket watermelons and so on.

Second, the use technology of balcony vegetable planting device.

(1) equipment preparation

Discarded plastic cups with holes in the bottom of the cups are used for raising seedlings. Plastic flowerpot or styrofoam box (with hole at the bottom) with tray at the bottom. Don't use earthen pots. 0.5 kg pottery gravel and 1 Mel 2 kg perlite (available in building materials store), vermiculite, peat and rock wool are available. Concentrated nutrient solution is divided into No. 1 and No. 2, which should be diluted comprehensively. 2 empty plastic bottles (for diluting nutrient solution).

(2) to cultivate strong seedlings

When planting, citizens can buy their own seedlings, or they can buy vegetable seeds, plant them in a hole plate, and wait for seedlings to grow and then transplant to the "balcony vegetable garden".

1. Seed disinfection

Seeds often carry bacteria, in order to reduce seedling diseases, ensure that vegetable seedlings thrive, let themselves and their families eat healthy vegetables, but also avoid giving up halfway. It is best to simply disinfect the seeds before sowing.

Generally, the seeds bought from the market are treated by soaking them in warm soup. Soak the seeds in 60 ℃ hot water for 10-15 min, then lower the water temperature to 30 ℃, soak for another 3-5 hours, take out and dry.

The soaking method can be used for the seeds with dirty surface, long standing time or contaminated seeds. Commonly used formalin 100x solution, first soak the seeds in clear water for 3 hours for 5 hours, then soak in the medicine solution for 20 min, take out and rinse with clean water.

2. Sowing seeds

Families with conditions try to prepare several plastic hole trays with 72 or 128 holes to raise seedlings, with peat and vermiculite as substrates, the ratio is 2:1, not only save seeds, but also produce strong seedlings. Before sowing, pour the hole tray thoroughly and sow the dry seeds. After sowing, cover the substrate with a thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm, and then cover it with a layer of plastic sheet, mainly to increase temperature and keep moisture.

3. Seedling stage management

When the seedlings are unearthed 3-5 days after sowing, the plastic sheeting can be removed in time and covered with 0. 5% when there is no water vapor on the seedlings. 5 cm thick matrix. Properly control watering after emergence to prevent overgrowth, but after 3-4 days, spray water with a spray can to cool down and prevent the seedlings from being short of water due to evaporation. During the seedling raising period, the temperature should not be too high. The suitable temperature is 20-25 ℃ in the day and 10 ℃ at night. When the seedlings grow to 2-4 true leaves, the seedlings can be planted at the age of 20-25 days.

4. Transplanting

When the seedling grows to 3-4 leaves, the seedling will rise, rinse the soil of the root with water, hurt the root as little as possible, and then transplant it to the hole. After transplanting, the family balcony device starts immediately, and the time for supplying nutrient solution is set according to different seasons. Generally, the indoor temperature in summer and autumn is high, the evaporation of seedlings is large, and they need more water. The timer is set to start working at 8:00 every morning to stop at 22:00, and the middle cycle is 20 min, stop for 2 hours; the indoor temperature in winter and spring is low, evaporation is small, and water demand is less. Adjust the timer time to 10 min per cycle and stop for 2 hours.

(3) Management after transplanting

1. Temperature requirement

Because most of the vegetables planted are leafy vegetables, which belong to semi-cold-tolerant vegetables, during the growth period, the plant can grow under suitable environmental conditions. During the growth period, the temperature should not be too high, 20: 25 ℃ during the day and 10: 12 ℃ at night. The closed balcony has higher temperature in winter and less temperature restriction, so vegetables can be planted all the year round.

2. Light regulation

The orientation of the balcony depends on the lighting conditions of the balcony, the balcony garden had better choose the south-facing, sunny balcony, the south-facing balcony is full of sunshine and good ventilation, which is the most ideal balcony for growing vegetables. Almost all vegetables grow best in full sunlight, so vegetables can be grown on south-facing balconies all the year round.

3. Nutrient solution management

After emergence, dilute the nutrient solution 1-2 times a day, and the exudate in the tray is suitable. Vegetables. When the seedlings grow out of two leaves, they begin to thinning the seedlings, leaving only one seedling in each hole, and the redundant seedlings are pulled out. Change the basin. When the seedlings grow up to have 3-5 true leaves, they will have to change the big pot. First spread a layer of soaked gravel at the bottom of the basin to facilitate drainage, then spread perlite, transplant the seedlings into the large basin together with the matrix, and finally cover the perlite with a layer of ceramic gravel. Change the pouring liquid after the basin, pour thoroughly for the first time, and it is appropriate to exudate from the tray. Pour liquid. Leaf vegetables are watered once a day, twice a day, and fruits and vegetables are only watered twice a day.

4. Pest control

The family vegetable garden is a form of soilless cultivation, with strong plant growth, light diseases and insect pests, clean and hygienic. Here are two kinds of self-made natural insect control solution suitable for family vegetable garden. ① spice plant extract. Nine-story tower (basil), onions, onions, garlic, etc., take appropriate amount to boil with 500 liters of water, cool and spray on the plant with a small spray can. Used to control aphids, red spiders, ants and other pests. ② wine vinegar. Edible vinegar 1 mL + rice wine 1 mL + water 1 L mixed use. Edible vinegar can also be sprayed with 50 times dilution of water, and can also be mixed with garlic or chilli. It has the function of preventing diseases.

III. Harvest

About 30 days after planting, the upper shoots and leaves can be harvested one after another, be careful not to harvest too much at one time, so as not to affect the growth. Such as purple back sunflower, big leaf chrysanthemum, hollow cabbage, etc.; all kinds of loose leaf lettuce, leaf beet, etc., should be eaten with external leaves in batches.

Attached:

Nutrient solution configuration

Preparation before preparing nutrient solution

① correctly chooses the formula of nutrient solution according to the type of cultivated crops, the mode of soilless cultivation and the cost.

② chooses appropriate fertilizers (inorganic salts). Not only the concentration and proportion of available nutrient elements in fertilizer should be considered, but also the fertilizer with high solubility, high purity, few impurities and low price should be selected.

③ calculates the amount of various fertilizers according to the concentration proportion of each nutrient element in the formula, and then converts them into the actual requirements of various fertilizers per ton of water or every 10 tons of water.

④ prepares a liquid storage tank, and the nutrient solution is generally prepared into a mother liquor of 100 to 1000 times concentration. Each formula requires 2 to 3 mother liquor tanks. The volume of the mother liquid tank should be 25 or 50 kg, and the dark opaque one is better. A faucet can be installed at the bottom of the tank for the use of mother liquor.

⑤ chooses and prepares water for use. The water used for the preparation of nutrient solution is very important, and the water quality should be selected. Well water, river water, spring water, tap water and even Rain Water can be used to prepare nutrient solution, but the application requires no heavy metal compounds and bacteria, insect eggs and other toxic pollutants.

Unpurified sea water and industrial sewage are not available. Rain Water has low salt content and is ideal for soilless cultivation, but it often contains trace elements such as copper and zinc, so it can not be added or less when preparing nutrient solution; tap water contains chlorine and excessive carbonate, which should be treated and used; well water is groundwater, which contains more iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and NH4+, so water should be analyzed before preparing nutrient solution.

Preparation method of nutrient solution

① weighs all kinds of fertilizers and puts them on clean containers or plastic bags and plastic films spread flat on the floor for use.

When mixing and dissolving fertilizers with ②, strict attention should be paid to the order, and Ca2+ should be separated from SO42- and PO43-, that is, calcium nitrate should not be mixed with several fertilizers other than potassium nitrate, such as magnesium sulfate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, so as to avoid calcium precipitation.

③ mother liquor can be divided into A, B or A, B, C liquid storage tanks. A can mixes and dissolves calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate, or ferrous sulfate and Na2 ·EDTA in trace elements and calcium nitrate are dissolved in An and B tanks, potassium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and other trace elements are mixed and dissolved, and some trace elements are mixed and dissolved in C tank.

④ A pot fertilizer dissolution order: first dissolve Na2 ·EDTA and ferrous sulfate in warm water, then dissolve calcium nitrate, add water while stirring until dissolved evenly, pot B first dissolve magnesium sulfate, then add ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium nitrate in turn, stir in water until completely dissolved, boric acid is dissolved in warm water, then add other trace element fertilizers. An and B cans are concentrated according to the mother liquid concentration times, add water to a certain volume, stir well and set aside.

When ⑤ uses nutrient solution, take A tank mother liquid to dissolve in water, then take B tank mother liquid, according to the multiple of concentration, add water to dilute to the standard original liquid, inject into the liquid supply tank (box), adjust the PH to the appropriate range, determine the EC value (electrical conductivity) before use.

Key points for the use of nutrient solution

① determines the appropriate nutrient solution management concentration for different crops, different cultivation methods, different development stages and seasons, the nutrient solution management concentration is different. In general, the nutrient solution concentration of fruits and vegetables was higher than that of fast-growing leafy vegetables, and the management concentration in the middle and later growth stage was higher than that in early growth stage and seedling stage. Taking tomato as an example, the nutrient solution concentration (EC) was 1.2-1.8 mg / cm in seedling stage, 1.5-2.0 mg / cm in growth period, and 1.8-2.8 mg / cm in late growth stage.

The liquid supply times and quantity of ② should be mastered according to different cultivation methods, different seasons, different crops and different growth stages. The liquid supply times of substrate cultivation can be less, and NFT culture should supply liquid many times a day. The liquid supply of NFT cultivated fruits and vegetables is 2 liters per minute, while that of leafy vegetables is only 1 liter.

③ timely adjust and replenish nutrient solution due to the needs of crop growth, constantly choose to absorb nutrients and absorb a large amount of water, coupled with the evaporation and consumption of cultivation bed, liquid supply pipe and liquid supply pool, the concentration of nutrient solution has changed, which should be checked regularly, adjusted and replenished. The changes of concentration and nutrient status can be obtained by nutrient analysis or the test results of electrical conductivity (EC value), and then replenish the mother liquor. When the above tests cannot be carried out, the water consumption of the supply pool can be supplemented with the original standard concentration nutrient solution of the same volume, and the waste nutrient solution can be replaced regularly in order to maintain the stability of the nutrient solution in the pool.

④ often detects the changes of pH and adjusts them. During the growth period of crops, the pH of nutrient solution changes greatly, which directly affects the absorption and growth of nutrients by crops, as well as the solubility of mineral salts. Therefore, the PH of nutrient solution should be detected frequently and adjusted with sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide respectively. Different crops have different ranges of adaptation to pH, which should be strictly controlled.

⑤ prevents the occurrence of malnutrition symptoms due to the results of selective absorption of different ions by crops and the changes of pH, it will lead to nutrient imbalance in nutrient solution or in crops, resulting in corresponding symptoms, affecting the normal growth, development and yield of crops, and serious cases will lead to failure. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately diagnose and prevent them.

Nutrient solution raw material

① large amount of elements: potassium nitrate 3g; calcium nitrate 5g; magnesium sulfate 3g; ammonium phosphate 2g; potassium sulfate 1g potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1g.

② trace elements: (applied chemical reagent) disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate 100mg; ferrous sulfate 75mg; boric acid 30mg; manganese sulfate 20mg; zinc sulfate 5mg; copper sulfate 1mg; ammonium aluminate 2mg.

③ tap water: 5000 milliliters (5 kg) mix a large number of elements and trace elements into a solution, and then mix them. The amount of trace elements is very small, and it is not easy to weigh, so we can enlarge the preparation of trace elements, and then reduce the amount of trace elements according to the same multiple. For example, the trace elements can be weighed 100 times to become a solution, and then 1% of the solution can be extracted, that is, the required amount.

The nutrient solution made according to the above formula is slightly acidic and the PH value is 6.2. The nutrient solution is non-toxic, odorless, clean and hygienic, and can be stored for a long time.

It is recommended to go to the bookstore to buy some or look for more professional knowledge, because there are usually different configurations for different vegetables. Of course, there are also general-purpose ones.