What are the water-saving cultivation techniques for vegetables, rice and fruit trees?

We all know that crop production is inseparable from water, and water-saving cultivation is a cultivation technical measure to increase crop yield with the least amount of water. So what are the water-saving cultivation techniques for vegetables, rice and fruit trees?

Vegetable water-saving technology:

1. Irrigation and water conservation should be carried out according to the law of water demand of vegetables and plants. Pour enough bottom water before sowing to ensure seed germination; replenish water or cover soil several times when emergence to reduce soil water evaporation and ensure full seedling. At the seedling stage, little water is irrigated or not irrigated, and attention is paid to prevent overgrowth. Each transplanting seedling should be irrigated with moving seedling water and slow seedling water, loosening the soil, preserving soil moisture and squatting seedlings after the seedling survives; when setting the value, it should be poured thoroughly to promote rooting and slow seedling. Watering once after slow seedling, ploughing and squatting seedlings were carried out at the same time. For vegetables with storage organs, after irrigation with a flood in the later stage of the rosette, the middle tillage is carried out to preserve soil moisture and squat seedlings, but the squatting seedlings should not be excessive, and a certain amount of soil moisture must be maintained during the squatting period. Product organs should be watered frequently in the peak period of organ growth in order to obtain high yield.

2. Irrigation and water conservation should be carried out according to the growth characteristics of all kinds of vegetables. Vegetables with shallow roots, like wet and fat, such as Chinese cabbage and cucumber, should be fat and watery. For vegetables with deep roots, such as eggplant fruits and legumes, they should be wet before drying. For fast-growing vegetables, we should ensure that there is always no shortage of fat and water. For fruits and vegetables with vegetative growth and reproductive growth at the same time, avoid watering at the first flowering stage and "watering vegetables without watering flowers"; for seed collection plants with simple reproductive growth, flowers should be watered, drought before harvest, and "watering flowers without watering vegetables".

3. Irrigation was carried out according to the soil quality and seedling shape.

(1) soil characteristics: Sandy soil should increase irrigation times and apply organic fertilizer to improve soil quality for water conservation; clayey soil should be sowed in dark water, small water in low-lying land should be watered frequently, drainage and alkali prevention should be carried out.

(2) Seedling plant performance: green leek in greenhouse, look for leaf tip discharge in the morning. Greenhouse cucumber depends on the posture and color of the stem tip (faucet); cucumber in the open field, the upwarping and drooping of the leaves in the morning, the withering or severity of the leaves at noon, and the speed of recovery in the evening. Tomato, cucumber, carrot and other leaves are dark, slightly withered at noon, cabbage and onion leaf blue wax powder is more crisp and hard, and need to be irrigated immediately; otherwise, the leaves are light, they do not wilt at noon, and the stem nodes are jointed, indicating that there is too much water and the need for drainage and drying.

4. popularize the techniques of irrigation and mulching to preserve soil moisture in the critical period, and give priority to meeting the water supply of fruit and vegetable crops in the flowering and fruiting stage. Vigorously promote plastic film mulching and straw mulching technology to reduce soil water evaporation and play a role in preserving soil moisture.

5. Increase the application of organic fertilizer. Increasing the application of organic fertilizer can reduce water consumption per unit of production, applying sufficient organic fertilizer on dry land can reduce water consumption by 50% to 60%, and straw mulching can be implemented in areas where organic fertilizer is insufficient to improve the drought resistance of the soil. Rational application of chemical fertilizer to improve soil water use efficiency.

6. Deep ploughing and deep loosening. Water storage with soil, deep ploughing and deep loosening, breaking the bottom of the plough, thickening the living soil layer, increasing water permeability, increasing soil water storage, reducing surface runoff, saving and utilizing more natural precipitation.

7. Sprinkler irrigation should be used conditionally. Sprinkler irrigation is an ideal irrigation method for field crops at present. Compared with surface water transfer irrigation, sprinkler irrigation can save 50% and 60% of water. However, the pipeline used in sprinkler irrigation needs high pressure, large equipment investment, high energy consumption and high cost, so it is suitable to be used in areas with high efficient cash crops or good economic conditions and high production level.

8. Techniques for water-saving cultivation of vegetables:

(1) the vegetable field is divided into a border with a width of about 75 cm and a height of about 10 cm, and a small trench with a width of 15 cm at the top, 10 cm at the bottom and a depth of about 10 cm is opened in the middle of the border. Every 50 cm above the ditch, a small bamboo branch (or twig) about 20 cm long is placed horizontally, and then its two ends are buried and pressed in the soil at the edge of the ditch.

(2) before growing vegetables, apply enough basic fertilizer, then cover the whole border with plastic film of appropriate width, and tighten it, so as to avoid hanging on the wall of the small ditch, and then leave a "living mouth" that can be opened and closed at one end of the furrow for irrigation or application of water and fertilizer.

(3) when growing vegetables, two rows per border, that is, all kinds of rows on both sides of the furrow, the plant spacing should be determined according to the requirements of different vegetables. The planting method can directly open the planting hole on the plastic film on the border surface, plant vegetable seedlings (or seeds) into the hole, and seal the hole edge gap with mud. After that, during the period of vegetable growth, if irrigation or fertilization is needed, the "living mouth" at one end of the furrow can be opened, and then water and fertilizer can be poured into the "living mouth", and then re-sealed.

Rice:

1. Through water transfer to convert source water into soil water in paddy field.

2. Convert soil water into rice water by rice root absorption.

3. Through the physiological process of rice, the water absorbed by rice participates in metabolic activities to form rice yield. There is ineffective dissipation of water in these three processes.

How to reduce these ineffective dissipated water and make effective use of it is the potential of water saving in rice. As for the water saving in the first conversion process, it is mainly through water transfer, water distribution and other water conservancy projects and management measures to reduce water loss and improve the effective utilization rate of irrigation water.

Fruit trees:

L. Select drought-resistant tree species and rootstocks. The drought tolerance of different fruit tree species is different, so the cultivated tree species should be distinguished according to the water demand and drought tolerance of different tree species. At present, among the cultivated tree species, pomegranate, jujube, fig and drupe trees have the strongest drought tolerance. Walnut, plum, grape and so on have moderate drought tolerance. Apple, pear, persimmon and other tree species have the weakest drought tolerance. The drought resistance of root system of rootstock has a great influence on the drought tolerance of fruit trees. therefore, the varieties grafted with drought-resistant rootstock should be selected in the cultivation of drought-resistant fruit trees, such as mountain stator, Xifu begonia, Xinjiang wild apple, begonia fruit, mountain pear, mountain peach, mountain grape and so on. M7, mm L06 in dwarf rootstock are more drought-resistant.

2. Strengthen the cultivation and management. Adopting reasonable cultivation techniques also plays an important role in drought resistance of fruit trees, which mainly includes the following aspects:

(1) reasonable close planting. Under the site condition of lack of rain and water, reasonable close planting can make fruit trees obtain sufficient water and nutrients and achieve high quality and bumper harvest, usually planting with medium density, that is, the row spacing is 2.5m × 4m, and the garden is as flat as possible. Big pit (1 meter square) planting.

(2) reasonable pruning. The ideal tree shape for drought resistance is free spindles and slender spindles, with less damage to □ and more protective stakes in pruning. After pruning, □ should be smeared and sawed with sealing or moisturizing oil in time to avoid sap evaporation, wipe off excess sprouts in spring and remove invalid branches in summer.