What are the common misunderstandings in the process of fertilization? What are the fertilization methods for fruit trees and field crops?

At present, the farming level of farmers is low, especially in fertilization, there are many misunderstandings, easy to appear the phenomenon of improper fertilization, resulting in poor fertilizer efficiency, slow effect, and even plant death. What matters should be paid attention to in the process of fertilization? What are the fertilization methods for fruit trees and field crops?

Misunderstanding of fertilization

Misunderstanding 1: when fertilizing, "close to the stem of the plant, fertilizer" is easy to be absorbed.

This is a common phenomenon in rural areas, and this kind of fertilization method has great harm. Because the part of the plant absorbing nutrients is in the root hair area, the plant stem and root (except the root hair area) absorb little or no nutrients, the fertilizer is close to the stem of the plant (except at the seedling stage), and the fertilizer is far away from the nutrient absorption part of the plant. therefore, it is not easy to be absorbed, if the fertilization is too much and the concentration is too high, it is easy to "burn seedlings". Therefore, the fertilization location should be determined according to the aboveground growth of the plant and the root growth of the underground part to ensure the effect of fertilization.

Misunderstanding 2: after the crop is short of fertilizer, fertilize again

After fertilizer is applied, it takes 3-5 days for paddy field to be absorbed by crops, and it takes 5-7 days for dry land to be absorbed and utilized. Therefore, fertilization after crop fertilizer deficiency occurs will result in longer time of fertilizer deficiency and yield reduction. Therefore, fertilization should be carried out according to the fertilizer demand characteristics of crops, 5-7 days in paddy field and 8-10 days in dry land. At the same time, the nutrient uptake of crops is also related to light, temperature, water, fertilization methods (such as dry application, leaching, extra-root topdressing, etc.). Strong light, high temperature and sufficient water accelerate the absorption of crop nutrients, on the contrary, the absorption slows down. Extra-root topdressing takes effect quickly and can be applied late because nutrients are directly absorbed by leaves, but the concentration should be low to prevent damage to leaves. Drenching application can make fertilizer directly into the root of the plant, the effect is faster, it can also be applied appropriately late, dry fertilizer is slow, and should be applied early.

Myth 3: as long as the crops grow well, they can get high yields.

The growth of crops includes two stages: vegetative growth and reproductive growth (except leafy vegetables and succulent crops). The application of sufficient nitrogen fertilizer in the early growth stage can promote vegetative growth, but if nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the reproductive growth period, it will cause greenness of crops, affect reproductive growth, hinder the transformation of nutrients, and reduce yield and quality. Therefore, fertilization should be carried out according to crop growth, mainly nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage to promote vegetative growth, and combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the middle and later stages to promote reproductive growth and increase yield.

Myth 4: as long as enough fertilizer is applied, high yield can be obtained.

The type and quantity of nutrients required by all kinds of crops are different in the whole growth period and different growth stages. If fertilization is not carried out according to the fertilizer demand characteristics of crops, on the one hand, it will lead to the decrease of nutrient deficiency, stress resistance and disease resistance of crops, resulting in a decrease in yield and quality, and second, the residual or loss of nutrients that some crops require little or no absorption, resulting in waste of fertilizer. Therefore, the type and quantity of fertilization should be determined according to the growth characteristics of the plant, and the fertilizer effect should be brought into full play.

Myth 5: as long as fertilizer is applied, it will have fertilizer effect.

The fertilizer efficiency of fertilization is related to soil characteristics, crop nutrient absorption characteristics, fertilizer nutrient release characteristics, water, air, heat and many other conditions, if the effects of various factors are not fully considered, it is very easy to cause nutrient loss, fertilizer deficiency and other phenomena. The fertilizer effect of sandy soil is fast, but the loss is also fast, so it should be carried out according to the principle of less application and multiple application, while the fertilizer effect of clay loam soil is slow, and sufficient base fertilizer should be applied early. Potash fertilizer is easy to dissolve, but the loss is fast, so it should be fertilized in time according to the characteristics of potassium demand of crops, organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are slow, the loss is less, should be applied early, ammonium bicarbonate is highly volatile, and can be fertilized with organic fertilizer or phosphate fertilizer for 1-2 days, which can reduce the loss of nutrients.

Misunderstanding 6: only pay attention to the amount of fertilizer, not the content of nutrients

Now some compound fertilizers on the market are widely used in rural areas because of their low unit prices. It is common in these compound fertilizers that the content of effective components is low or the content of some elements in the three major elements is very low or not at all, but farmers do not pay enough attention to these conditions and continue the fertilization habit of high content compound fertilizer. as a result, the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is insufficient, resulting in the occurrence of crop fertilizer deficiency and element deficiency, affecting yield and quality. Therefore, when using these compound fertilizers, we should fully understand the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in these compound fertilizers, and according to the fertilizer characteristics of various crops, cooperate with the use of single element fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to ensure the normal growth of crops.

Misunderstanding 7: more fertilizer, higher benefit

According to the principle of diminishing returns, when fertilization reaches a certain amount, the input-output ratio decreases and the benefit decreases. If too much fertilizer is applied, the yield will be reduced. Therefore, according to the characteristics of fertilizer demand, soil fertility and planting density of crops during the whole growth period, the best fertilization scheme should be found according to the principle of sufficient supply but not waste, so as to give full play to fertilizer efficiency and increase economic benefits.

Misunderstanding 8: only pay attention to the application of a large number of elements, not the application of trace elements

A large number of elements are the basic elements for the growth of crops, but some crops require more trace elements during the whole growth period or a long period of a certain life, or lack of trace elements in the soil, if trace elements are not added, it will cause plant deformities, falling flowers and fruits, product yield and quality decline and so on. Therefore, while applying a large amount of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, it is necessary to apply a variety of trace elements such as iron, manganese, zinc and boron according to the fertilizer requirements of crops and the composition of soil nutrients, so as to ensure the normal growth of crops.

Misunderstanding 9: only apply base fertilizer, not topdressing

Nowadays, many users are afraid of trouble. after applying base fertilizer, they will no longer apply fertilizer, this method of fertilization is unscientific. Crops have less demand for nutrients in the early stage, and the application of sufficient base fertilizer can indeed ensure the nutrient demand of crops for a long time, but even some fertilizers with sufficient stamina have a limited duration of fertilizer effect. especially for the soil with poor fertilizer and water conservation capacity, not topdressing in time is more likely to cause the phenomenon of de-fertilization. Therefore, the crops with a growth period of more than 2 months should be fertilized properly to ensure the nutrient demand of crops in the peak growth period.

Ten misunderstandings: fruit trees fertilizing by looking at flowers

More flowers and less flowers of fruit trees largely depends on the tree potential. In order to make fruit trees differentiate more flower buds and set more fruits in the second year, sufficient fertilizer should be applied in the previous year, especially fertilization after fruit is very important, because fruit trees are greatly damaged after fruit picking. At this time, we should replenish nutrients in time, restore the vitality of the fruit trees, enhance the resistance of the fruit trees, and ensure the production capacity of the fruit trees in the second year. Some people like to apply winter fertilizer, which is useful, but it is not the best time, because the most important part of the fruit tree to absorb nutrients is in the root. At the beginning of winter, the root system of the tree is almost dormant, and the ability to absorb nutrients is very weak. The best time for fruit trees to apply fertilizer is after picking fruit and before falling leaves. The most direct result of flower fertilization is the obvious age phenomenon of fruit trees.

Misunderstanding 11: the formula is the same, the dosage is the same, the effect is the same

The reason is very simple, the main difference between fat people and thin people is not the problem of eating more or less, but the problem of absorbing more and less. The same goes for fertilizers, and the same amount of the same formula has a significant difference in nutrient utilization due to the product itself, which is why some compound fertilizer products with 40% of total nutrients work better than other 45% nutrient products.

Misunderstanding 12: high price = high cost

Because compound fertilizer products belong to the category of means of production and indirect consumer goods, the basis for analyzing the cost is not the price but the input-output ratio. In the case of the same amount or input, which kind of product brings high benefit and high output? the cost of which product is low.

Myth 13: after using compound fertilizer, other fertilizers will not be used.

Some users think that after applying compound fertilizer, there is no need to apply other chemical fertilizers, which is wrong. General compound fertilizers generally contain only nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and a small number of varieties contain zinc and boron. If we do not pay attention to the timely supplement of effective medium and micronutrient elements, it will also have an impact on crop yield.

Myth 14: the faster the fertilizer dissolves, the better

Crops need nutrients just like people, every day, the amount of absorption is limited, dissolve quickly, crops can not absorb, it is a waste, so the release rate of good quality fertilizers should correspond to the needs of crops for nutrients. This is also the main reason for some products to add sustained-release agents, that is, to ensure the whole process of crop needs for nutrients. However, the author thinks that the chemical fertilizer with slow-release agent should not be used as topdressing, because if the rate of nutrient release can not keep up with the nutrient demand of crops, there will be early de-fertilization of crops.

Misunderstanding 15: topdressing and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer

Many users prefer to apply ammonium bicarbonate, urea and other nitrogen fertilizer when topdressing, although this will have an obvious effect on the growth of crops, it can not increase the yield of users, because nitrogen is very important for the early growth of crops. however, with the growth of crops, the demand for phosphorus and potassium is getting higher and higher, but the need for nitrogen is reduced, and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer will only make crops flourish. Therefore, in order to ensure the effect of increasing production, attention should be paid to topdressing compound fertilizer.

Myth 16: if the output doesn't go up, the fertilizer is not good.

A small number of users think that the increase in yield is the reason for fertilizer. in fact, there are many reasons for it, such as weather, soil quality, fertilization methods, formula selection of fertilizer products, seeds, pesticides, field management, and so on. Fertilizer is only one of the factors.

Common fertilization methods

1. Fertilization for fruit trees

1. Soil fertilization

Soil fertilization should be applied below the surface of the soil, which is beneficial to the absorption of roots and reduce the loss of fertilizer. Some fertilizers are volatile; they lose a lot if they are not buried in the soil. For example, ammonium bicarbonate, scattered on the ground surface, the more dry the soil, the greater the loss. In the ammonium sulfate test, the losses of 1 cm, 2 cm and 3 cm below the surface of the soil were reduced by 36%, 52% and 60%, respectively. Soil fertilization can be done in the following ways:

Ring (wheel) fertilization: according to the size of the tree crown, dig a ring ditch with the trunk as the center, and the radius is the drip line of the tree (the drip line refers to the line where the crown goes down vertically to the ground). The depth of the ditch depends on the depth of the root distribution, generally 20-30cm, wide 30cm. Then put in the fertilizer and bury it back in the soil. This situation is usually used when there is less fertilizer or young trees.

Radiation ditch (radial) fertilization: trench from the bottom of the crown to the outside, the inner end is slightly inward from the outer edge of the crown, and the outer end extends beyond the outer edge of the crown. The number of ditches is 40.8, and the width and depth depend on the amount of fertilizer. Cover the soil after fertilization. This method of fertilization can not hurt the roots and can promote the absorption of roots, so it is suitable for adult trees, and trees that are too densely planted are not suitable. When applying fertilizer in the second year, the position of the ditch should be staggered.

Fertilization in the whole nursery: first spread the fertilizer all over the garden and mix it with the soil or turn over the soil with a rake. Under the condition of growing grass, spread fertilizer on the grass. The whole nursery is fertilized and irrigated with high efficiency. This method has a large fertilization area, is beneficial to root absorption, and is suitable for adult trees and dense planting trees.

Strip furrow fertilization method: take the trunk of the tree as the center, draw two parallel lines on the left and right sides of the tree, the distance from the line to the trunk of the tree is the distance from the dripping line to the trunk of the tree, each 30cm of depth and width, and fill in the soil after fertilization, which is usually used on adult trees.

Disc ditch fertilization method: dig 6 to 4 30cm wide holes in the circle with the tree trunk as the center and the dripping line as the radius, then spread the fertilizer evenly into the plate, and then cover the soil to fill it, which is often used for young trees to fertilize.

Sprinkling fertilizer: spread the fertilizer evenly around the tree, and then turn the fertilizer into the soil with a deep rake in late autumn and early winter or early spring. It is suitable for adult trees whose roots are all over the garden, but it can not be used for a long time.

2. Extra-root fertilization

Including branch smearing or spraying, branch injection, foliar spraying. Foliar spraying is the most commonly used method in production.

Branch smear or spray: suitable for trees to supplement iron, zinc and other trace elements, can be combined with winter trunk white painting, the method is to add ferrous sulfate or zinc sulfate to the white mortar, the concentration can be higher than foliar spraying. Bark can absorb nutrients, but the efficiency is not high; after rain, the fertilizer on the trunk gradually seeps into the bark, or rushes into the soil under the canopy, and then absorbs some through the roots.

Branch injection: you can use a high-pressure sprayer plus a modified syringe to drill holes in the trunk, and then strongly inject it into the trunk by the syringe. Used for injection of ferrous sulfate (1%-4%) and iron chelate (0.05%-0.10%) to prevent and treat iron deficiency, while adding boric acid and zinc sulfate is also effective. All element deficiency is related to soil conditions. when the effect of soil fertilization is not good, the effect of trunk injection is good.

3. Irrigation and fertilization

Irrigation and fertilization is a method of fertilizing trees through irrigation systems (sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation, drip irrigation).

II. Fertilization of field crops

1. Fertilizer is distributed evenly in the soil. Giving can be deep or superficial (shallow). The technique of deep application is to turn it into the lower layer of the soil with a plough after sowing, and the surface application can only be raked. Sprinkling is suitable for dense crops and large amounts of fertilizer. The advantage of spreading is simple, and nutrients in all parts of the soil are absorbed by crops; the disadvantage is that the utilization rate of fertilizer is not high, because the fertilizer can not all be used by crops, at the same time, weeds are fattened, and water-soluble phosphate fertilizer is in excessive contact with the soil. easy to be fixed and reduce fertilizer efficiency, large amount of fertilizer.

2. Strip application and hole application when fertilizer is applied in sowing ditches and holes, or in transplanting lines and holes, it is called strip application and hole application. Fertilizer can be applied at the bottom of the seed or on one or both sides of the seed.

The following conditions are suitable for strip application and acupoint application:

Small amount of fertilizer used in ①

Large crop spacing of ②

A fertilizer, such as phosphate, that is easily fixed by the soil for ③.

The root development of ④ crops is poor, but the soil fertility is low.

The advantages of this fertilization method are: fertilizer is close to the root, easy to be absorbed and used by crops, so the fertilizer utilization rate is higher; the contact surface between fertilizer and soil is small, the degree of nutrient elements is fixed is low, and the effective time is longer than that of spraying.

3, mechanical fertilization, also known as simultaneous sowing of fertilizer.