Do you make money growing grapes? What are the prospects for grape planting? How do you plant it? (with grape planting methods and techniques)

Grape belongs to a large number of fruits, and it is one of the most common and most commonly eaten kinds, so grape plays a very important role in China and even in the world. So do you make money growing grapes? What are the prospects for grape planting? How do you plant it? What are the planting methods and techniques of grapes?

At present, there are many varieties of grapes, and grapes occupy a very large proportion in China's fruit market, and the market is very vast, but in recent years, China's grape market has experienced a great twists and turns. Most of the reasons are due to the poor quality of grapes and a small number of external forces, so the market is not optimistic for a period of time, so what is the prospect of planting grapes in 2018?

I. planting prospects of grapes

Grape belongs to a large number of fruits, which is one of the most common and most commonly eaten species, so grape plays a very important role in China and even in the world. Grapes are fragile and need to be very careful in terms of origin and packaging. Although the annual output is relatively high, the quality is not very good every time it is shipped to the place of sale. Now there are more and more kinds of grapes in our country, but the quality has not been guaranteed, so there is a need for high-quality products, followed by a lot of other industries derived from grapes. for example, wine production and sales, cans, raisins and so on, the demand of these industries is also relatively large, so the planting prospect is still very good.

Do you make money by growing grapes?

1. Market demand

The grape market in China is very large, but at present, the biggest demand in our market is to consume as fruits and raisins, while grape exports are generally dominated by wine, raisins and cans, because fresh grapes are very unsuitable for handling. China's annual demand for grapes can be as high as more than 6 million tons, and secondly, the annual export volume is also very huge. For example, China's Xinjiang raisins can be said to be very famous, and the annual export volume is as high as several million tons. So the demand is very huge.

two。 Market price

The market prices of grapes are different in different times, different regions, and different varieties. In the peak season of grape production, the grapes are basically five or six yuan per jin, and in the off-season of grapes, it is 10 to 20 yuan per jin. In Hunan, the price of different grapes is generally between 4 and 20 yuan, while in Xinjiang, grapes can be said to be worth nothing. Grapes can be said to be sky-high in Japan, and the RMB is about 50 or 60 yuan per jin. The prices of different varieties are also different. the average grape is about 6 yuan, the beauty is 12 to 20 yuan per jin, and so is Queen Nina. The market price varies, which is very chaotic.

3. Planting cost

The cost of growing grapes is slightly higher, but it is relatively low compared with other tropical fruits. Take planting an acre of vineyard as an example, it costs at least 1500 to 2,000 yuan to buy grape seedlings; at least 700 yuan for chemical fertilizers and pesticides; the most important thing for grapes is to build scaffolds, and the cost for buying scaffolds is about 1500 yuan; finally, there are some other auxiliary planting costs of about 600 yuan, so the total cost for a year is about four or five thousand yuan.

4. Profit return

The profit return of grapes is divided into stages, and the yield in the first year is very low. One mu of land can only produce about 500 to 1000 jin. According to the market price, our total profit is three thousand to six thousand yuan, so we can't make any money in the first year. Generally speaking, it is not until the second year that the high yield can be achieved and there will be a profit return. At this time, the output per mu is at least 3,000 jin, and you can make a profit of about 145. excluding the cost of two years, the profit return per mu is about 7,000 to 8,000, and the profit margin is still very large.

III. Planting techniques and methods of grapes

1. Cutting propagation method

(1) raising seedlings by cutting in open field

After taking the stored branches out of the ditch in spring, soak them indoors with clean water for 6-8 hours, and then cut them. Generally, the branches are cut into cuttings with 2-3 buds. Cuttings are generally about 20 cm long, and varieties with long internodes leave only 1-2 buds on each cuttings. When cutting cuttings, the upper end is cut flat at 1 cm above the bud, and the lower end is obliquely cut at the bottom of the bud. The cut is "Malta-shaped" (it is easy to take root when it is close to the hole of the bud). The bud eye in the upper part of the cuttage should be full and full, and if the first bud eye is damaged after cutting, the second bud eye can germinate, which is beneficial to improve the survival rate of cutting.

The nursery land should be selected in the place with flat terrain, deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and irrigation conditions at the same time. Irrigation in ridges and furrows after cutting, if there are conditions, the effect of cutting after mulching plastic film is better. No matter which cutting method is used, it must be noted that the upper end of the cuttings should not be exposed to the surface for too long, and at the same time to prevent Hu cutting and avoid mixed varieties.

The cutting time begins when the local soil temperature (15-20 cm) is stable above 10 ℃. In North China, it is generally from late March to early April, but open-field cuttage seedlings can not be carried out until the middle of April in the northern part of North China.

Grape cuttings to produce new roots before this stage must prevent soil drought, generally about 10 days to water once. The watering times of heavy clay soil should be less, if the watering is too much, the soil is too wet, the soil temperature decreases, and the poor soil ventilation also affects the rooting of cuttings. Fertilizer and water management should be strengthened after cuttings take root. The seedlings entered the stage of rapid growth in the first and middle of July, when the available fertilizer should be applied for 2-3 times. In order to make the branches fully mature, irrigation and fertilization should be stopped or reduced from late July to August, at the same time, the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests should be strengthened, and the coring of main shoots and secondary shoots should be carried out to ensure the robust growth of seedlings and promote thickening growth. During the period of seedling growth, timely ploughing and weeding should be done to improve soil aeration conditions and promote root growth.

Open-field cutting is the simplest method of raising seedlings, which is low in cost and easy to popularize, but if it is not managed properly, the survival rate and emergence rate of cuttings are low. In addition, the growth period of seedlings is shorter and the quality of seedlings is relatively poor when cutting in the open field. Generally, 6000-7000 cuttings are cut in the open field for every 666.7 square meters, and the seedling rate is 60%, 70%.

(2) Root cuttage

The air temperature in spring in northern China rises rapidly from March to April, while the ground temperature rises slowly. Cuttings in the open field often sprout first and then take root, and the time difference between germination and rooting is more than 20 days. If it is not managed properly, the germinated buds often wither because of the lack of water and nutrient supply, seriously affecting the survival rate of cuttings. The reason is that the temperature of grape bud eye germination is relatively low, which can be germinated at about 10 ℃. However, high temperature is required for rooting, and the fastest rooting is at 25-28 ℃. Promoting root is to accelerate the division of primitive somatic cells at the base of cuttings and promote the formation of adventitious roots according to the temperature requirements of grape rooting. The commonly used methods of promoting root in production are hotbed, fire pit, electrothermal and chemical treatment.

(3) hotbed to promote root

The use of brewing heat in the hotbed creates heating conditions and promotes rooting. Before urging the root, first dig the bed pit in the ground, the bottom of the pit is slightly higher and slightly lower around, then load 20-30 cm thick raw horse dung, while loading it firmly, step flat and water it to make the horse manure moist, cover it with plastic film, and promote the horse manure to ferment and heat. A few days later, when the temperature rises to 30-40 ℃, lay about 5 cm thick fine soil on the horse dung, waiting for the temperature to drop and stabilize at about 30 ℃. Arrange the prepared inserts neatly and upright on top. Fill the branches with wet sand or wet sawdust to prevent heat from rising and water evaporating. The soil temperature in the lower part of the cuttings was kept at 22-30 ℃. Note that the buds at the top of the cuttings should not be buried in the sand so as not to germinate prematurely under the influence of high temperature. Keep the sand or sawdust moist during root stimulation, and pay attention to control the bed temperature, uncover the plastic film covering the hotbed during the day, and use the cold air in early spring to reduce the bed temperature and prevent bud eyes from sprouting prematurely.

(4) Hot Kang to promote root.

Generally use Huilong fire Kang, semi-underground or above-ground type. The width of the Kang is 1.5-2 meters, and the length depends on the need. For the specific repair method, you can first dig 2-3 small trenches under the Kang bed. The groove is 20 cm deep and 15 cm wide. The trench is paved with brick or adobe, which is the first layer of flue, that is, the main flue. There should be a certain angle from the flue exit to the entrance, tilting upward, and then forming a flower hole with brick or adobe above the first floor flue, that is, the second layer flue. Mud is used to repair the surface of the Kang, and bricks are used to build low walls around it. After the hot Kang is repaired, trial burning should be carried out first, and the soil should be filled properly where the temperature is too high. When the temperature is uniform in all parts of the Kang surface (20-28 ℃), spread 10 cm thick wet sand or wet sawdust, put cuttings on top to promote roots, and cover with plastic film to prevent cuttings from losing water and drying.

(5) Chemical treatment

The use of chemical treatment can effectively promote rooting. The main function of the agent is to strengthen the respiration of cuttings, improve the activity of enzymes and promote the division of meristematic cells. There are many kinds of agents to promote rooting, among which the effect of soaking the base of cuttings with 50 mg D5I butyric acid (1BA) or 50-100 mg / kg acetic acid (N from) for 12-14 hours is the best. In order to occupy less containers, use 300-500 mg / kg acetic acid to quickly dip the root for 5-10 seconds, and then immediately promote the root or cuttage also has a good root effect.

(6) points for attention

No matter what kind of root-stimulating method is used, in order to ensure a good root-promoting effect, we must pay attention to the following points: ① different root-promoting methods lead to different root time, but generally the most suitable degree of root-promoting cutting is that when the root plasma breaks through the cortex about 0.5cm, it can be cut, and when the root is too long, it is easy to break new roots and affect the cuttings into living strings. ② root time should be controlled flexibly. If the root is cut directly in the open field, the root should be cut a little later, so that it can be cut in the open field after treatment; if the seedling is raised in the protected field, the root can be promoted early. When ② is heated to promote roots, there should be a gradual cooling process in the later stage of root stimulation, so that the new roots can adapt to the external environmental conditions before cuttage seedlings are raised. For ④ cuttings treated with root-stimulating treatment, do not damage the root source when cutting. After cutting to the nursery bed, it is necessary to pour enough water to make the new root closely combine with the bed soil.

2. Rapid propagation of grape

(1) Rapid seedling raising in plastic nutrition bag.

Before raising seedlings, plastic films with a width of 19 cm and a length of 16 cm are glued into plastic bags with a height of 16 cm and a diameter of about 6 cm. Plastic bags of corresponding specifications sold in the market can also be used to cut a small hole with a diameter of 1 cm or cut at two corners at the bottom of the bag to facilitate drainage. At the same time, the nutritive soil was prepared with soil, fine sand after sieving and mature barnyard manure according to the ratio of sand: soil: fertilizer = 2:1:1. The proportion of sand should not be too small to prevent the weight of the soil in the bag from affecting rooting.

The advantage of raising seedlings in plastic nutrition bag is that ① saves cuttings. The survival rate of ② was high when planted. The seedlings bred in plastic bags have well-developed roots, do not scatter the soil and hurt the roots after removing the plastic bags, do not slow down the seedlings after planting, the seedlings have been growing, and the survival rate is generally more than 95%. ③ saves land and labor. The use of open-field cutting seedlings, generally every 666.7 square meters about 5000 seedlings, and the use of protected plastic bags to raise seedlings, every 666.7 square meters can produce more than 100,000 seedlings. At the same time, the management after insertion is also relatively simple, which only needs watering and does not need ploughing and loosening the soil, and it is also very convenient for seedling raising, pseudo-planting and transportation. ④ can lead to early results. The seedlings raised in plastic bags can be planted in May. Because there is no slow seedling process and the growing period is relatively prolonged after planting, the plants can take shape in the same year and begin to bear fruit in the second year.

The key to raising seedlings in plastic nutrition bags is to control moisture. Too much moisture will cause the cuttings to rot and deteriorate, so it should be checked frequently. When raising seedlings in plastic bags in the greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse should be kept at 25-30 ℃ during the day, the highest temperature should not exceed 30 ℃, and the night temperature should not be lower than 15 ℃.

(2) raising seedlings with hot Kang

In fact, on the basis of promoting the root of the hot Kang, the cuttings are directly cultivated into seedlings on the hot Kang, and then planted in the field. The construction and cutting preparation of the hot Kang are the same as the hot Kang to promote the root, only the density of the cuttings is not as high as the density of the cuttings, generally 4-5 cm away from the cuttings, the cuttings 2 are buried in the wet sand. After the cuttage of the whole Kang, start heating at any time, burning 2-3 times every night and morning to keep the temperature in the sand on the bed at 25-30 ℃. At the same time, pay attention to frequent sprinkling water, keep the bed moist, when the temperature is high, the plastic film should be opened in time for ventilation. Under normal circumstances, it takes about 1 month or 1.5 months to burn. Stop heating 7-10 days before entering the field, and carry on the adaptive exercise to the seedlings. Generally, cuttings begin to produce healing tissue after 12 days, and the rooting rate reaches 70% after 20 days. After 1 month, more than 10 roots can be grown from one cuttage, and some of the roots have been semi-lignified. At this time, the aboveground part can also send out 3-4 leaves, and the seedling height can reach 13-20 cm. In practical application, in order to facilitate management and seedling collection and planting, the seedling raising method of combining nutrition bowl or nutrition bag with hot Kang is often adopted.

Hot Kang seedlings save time, land, labor, less investment, quick effect and high seedling rate. This method can be used in rural areas without power supply.

The seedling raising of hot Kang is the same as that of electric heating, which can raise seedlings in spring and plant in early summer, prolong the growth time of seedlings, and create the conditions of early formation, early fruit and early high yield.

When raising seedlings, the hot Kang can be built in the residential courtyard or on the edge of the village, saving special land for raising seedlings.

For places without irrigation conditions, open-field seedlings often fail because of insufficient water supply, while hot Kang seedlings can concentrate seedlings, save water, and management is more convenient than teaching. Therefore, this method of centralized seedling raising should be popularized in arid areas.

(3) raising seedlings by electric heating or promoting roots by electric heating in greenhouse

In fact, on the basis of electrothermal root promotion, the cuttings have been cultivated into seedlings on the electric hotbed or cut into the greenhouse after electrothermal root promotion. Therefore, the seedling rate is higher, and the growth time of seedlings is also longer. generally, it can prolong the growth period by about 2 months than ordinary open-field cuttings, and it is easy to achieve the purpose of strong seedlings in the same year and results in the second year.

(4) raising seedlings with plastic film mulching.

Before grape cutting, the nursery bed or seedling ridge is covered with plastic film, and the soil is pressed around the plastic film. When cutting, a hole is inserted in the seedbed with a thicker pointed stick, and then the cuttings are put into the hole, so that the top bud is about 0.5 cm higher than the ground, and the cutting hole in the lower part of the cuttings is sealed with soil, and then irrigated once.

The main function of plastic film is to increase soil temperature, maintain soil moisture and promote the good growth of grape seedlings. Plastic film mulching reduces soil moisture evaporation, prevents soil consolidation and weeds, and reduces complex nursery management. However, it should be noted that when the temperature is high, the phenomenon of burning seedlings will occur with plastic film mulching, so it is necessary to cover straw on the plastic film or remove the plastic film in time to prevent seedling burning.

Grapes have a strong preference for light. Under the condition of sufficient light, the leaves are thick and dark green, the photosynthesis is strong, the plant growth is strong, there are many flower buds, the berry has high sugar content and sweet, and the yield is high.

The humidity is not easy to be too high. Heavy rainfall before flowering, excessive growth of new shoots, consumption of plant storage nutrients; rainy flowering, poor fertilization, resulting in falling flowers; rainy fruit from fat stage to mature stage, lack of light, low sugar content, poor coloring, poor quality, and easy to crack fruit. High temperature, rainy and humid is also the main reason for the increase of grape diseases.

3. Shaping and pruning of grapes

The purpose of shaping and pruning is to adjust the contradiction between growth and fruit, to allocate branches reasonably on the shelf surface, to facilitate management, to make the tree strong, to prolong life, and to create conditions for high yield year after year. The shaping and pruning of grapes vary from variety to variety. And the "Jufeng" tree is very strong, pruning should be light and long, pick the core of the fruiting branch and pinch off part of the ear tip before flowering, which is beneficial to ease the tree potential, reduce the falling flowers and fruits, and improve the fruit setting rate. For the medium-strong "vineyard queen", it is appropriate to prune the medium and short shoots.

First, multi-main vine plastic surgery, suitable for burying the ground in winter to prevent cold areas. Topping was carried out when the sprouting reached 5 Mel 6 leaves in the same year, and 4 stout main vines were selected. The second is trunk shaping, which leaves only one new shoot after germination in the same year to cultivate the trunk that grows upright.

Winter pruning of grapes is usually carried out about one month after falling leaves in autumn to about 20 days before germination in the following year. Pruning too early or too late will cause serious damage to the tree, loss of nutrients and weakening of plant growth. According to the strength of the tree and the length of the fruiting mother branch, the principle of grape pruning in winter is: the strong vine is long, the weak vine is short, the upper is long, and the lower is short. In general, it can be divided into three methods: (1) the method of double vine updating is generally used in long vine pruning. Under the fruiting mother vine, a vine was selected as the regeneration mother branch, and the regeneration mother branch retained 3 healthy buds of 2mur. as a result, the mother vine retained 6mur12 buds to promote the emergence of new shoots in the period, which could blossom and bear fruit in the same year, and renew the two new shoots extracted from the mother vine (if three should be removed), such as inflorescence should be removed, in order to reduce nutrient consumption and promote branch tissue enrichment. In the next winter pruning, all the fruiting mother vines of the same year were cut off, and the upper shoots of the renewed mother vines still retained 12 buds, which were used as the fruiting mother vines, and the lower shoots retained 3 buds as the regeneration mother vines. When selecting and renewing the mother vine, we should pay attention to choosing as close to the trunk as possible in order to control the speed at which the resulting site rises year by year. (2) the short vine pruning first cultivates a vine of about one meter, so that several fruiting main vines are pulled out from the main vine. When pruning in winter, each fruiting mother vine will leave 2 Mel 3 buds. After sprouting in spring, the upper branch is selected as the fruiting branch and the lower branch is used as the renewal branch to prevent it from bearing fruit. When pruning in winter, all the fruiting branches were cut off, leaving 2 Mel 3 buds in the regenerated branches. (3) the method of vine pruning and renewal in middle vine pruning is basically the same as that in short vine pruning, but the difference is that the mother branch retains more buds, generally leaving 4 Mel 5 buds. In addition, dense branches, weak branches, pest branches and dry and withered branches should be cut off when pruning.

4. Plant management during growth

(1) sprouting. In order to make the most economical and effective use of nutrients and make the new shoots dense and uniform, too many unnecessary tender shoots should be erased as soon as possible.

(2) tying and tendrils removal. When the new tip is 25 cm long and 30 cm long, it should be tied in time. The word binding method can prevent the new tip from being injured by friction. Remove the tendrils while binding the ends to feed the nutrient consumption.

(3) the coring of new shoots and the treatment of secondary shoots. Picking the heart of the new shoot can restrain the overgrowth of the branches. A large number of secondary shoots after heart removal should be suppressed. The accessory shoot below the ear can be removed from the base, the secondary shoot above the ear leaves 2 leaves, and the secondary shoot at the top of the main shoot leaves a few leaves, which can limit the vegetative growth, promote the nutrition accumulation of inflorescence and improve the fruit setting rate. Generally speaking, it is appropriate to leave 5 or 9 leaves on the uppermost ear a week before flowering.

(4) trimming of inflorescence and ear. There are often 1-3 inflorescences on a fruiting branch, so it is appropriate to leave a well-developed inflorescence. Then the inflorescence is properly trimmed. The varieties with low fruit setting rate and scattered ear, such as Rose fragrance and Jufeng, should cut off the accessory ear and pinch off the ear tip 2-3 days before flowering, so as to increase the fruit setting rate. White Malaga, Italy and other varieties with high fruit setting rate are often supported by fruit kernels, resulting in inconsistency between fruit cracking and fruit ripening. These varieties should be thinned with small pointed scissors 10-20 days after anthesis in order to enlarge the fruit and improve the quality. In Japan, the panicles and grains of Jufeng grape are thinned, generally leaving about 35 grains per ear, and the grain weight can reach 15 to 18 grams.

5. Fertilizer and water management

Grape is a perennial plant, which grows and bears fruit every year, and needs to absorb a lot of nutrients from the soil. In order to keep the tree growing healthily and continuously improve the yield and quality of the products, attention must be paid to rational fertilization. According to the determination of some high-yielding grape orchards in China, for every 100 jin of berries, it is about 0.75 kg of nitrogen, 0.75 kg of phosphorus and 0.63 kg of potassium. All localities can take measures in accordance with local conditions and produce appropriate amount of fertilizer through production practice and scientific experiments.

According to the period of fertilization, it can be divided into base fertilizer and topdressing. Base fertilizer should be carried out at the end of September and the beginning of October when the fruit is harvested and the new shoots are fully ripe. Base fertilizer is mixed with slow-acting fertilizer such as rotten human manure or stable manure, poultry manure, green manure and phosphate fertilizer (calcium superphosphate). Topdressing is generally applied more than ten days before flowering, such as rotten human feces, urine, cake fertilizer, etc., and potassium fertilizer is mainly applied in early July, such as plant ash, chicken manure and so on. Fertilization method can be about 1 meter from the plant to dig a circular ditch to apply, the depth of base fertilizer is about 40 cm, topdressing should be shallow, so as not to damage too many roots. It needs to be watered after fertilization.

Topdressing outside the root of grape has a significant effect on improving yield and quality, and the method is simple. Spraying 1-3% calcium superphosphate solution before flowering, young fruit stage and berry ripening stage can increase yield and improve quality; spraying 0.05 ~ 0.1% boric acid solution before flowering can increase fruit setting rate; spraying 0.02% potassium salt solution during fruit setting and fruit growth period, or 3% plant ash leaching solution (soaking the day before spraying) can increase the sugar content and yield of berries. When spraying fertilizer outside the root, in case of drought, the concentration should be appropriately reduced to avoid leaf burning; in areas where it has not been applied, it should be tried out in a small amount to gain experience and then be popularized step by step.

Grapes are more tolerant to drought, but if they can be irrigated in a suitable period, the yield can be significantly increased. Sap flow before flowering, we should pay attention to keep the soil moist, at this time, if we can combine topdressing irrigation, we can create good fertilizer and water conditions for flowering and fruit setting. However, too much water in the flowering period will cause a large number of flowers and fruits, unless the soil is too dry, otherwise the flowering period should not be watered. After fruit setting to before fruit coloring, it is high temperature and large leaf transpiration, which requires a lot of water. It can be watered every 7-10 days according to the weather. After the fruit is colored and softens, except for too much in especially dry years, the fruit has lower sugar content and is not resistant to storage and is easy to crack. During the dormancy period, the soil is too dry to survive the winter, too wet is easy to cause bud eye mildew, generally after harvest combined with autumn fertilization irrigation once permeable, in the northern producing areas, but also in the cold-proof before filling east water, which is an important measure of grape cold prevention.

There are many propagation methods of grape seedlings, which can be divided into two categories: reproduction and asexual reproduction according to the different breeding materials. Sexual reproduction is the use of seeds to reproduce seedlings, that is, the so-called seed reproduction, the seedlings are called seedlings, sexual reproduction is mainly used in the production of rootstock seedlings. Because the seeds used for sexual reproduction are produced through the sexual process, they are separated greatly from a genetic point of view, and the stability of the characters of the original variety can not be maintained. In addition, in conventional breeding, hybrid seeds obtained by hybrid exchange grow hybrid seedlings through sowing, from which excellent individual plants are selected until they are cultivated into good varieties. In asexual reproduction, a certain vegetative organ of the plant (such as branches, roots and buds, etc.) is used as a method of breeding seedlings, and the resulting seedlings are called vegetative seedlings. The methods of asexual propagation include hardwood cutting, green wood cutting, hardwood grafting and green branch grafting and so on. On the basis of the above methods, the combination of important conditions of various facilities (such as greenhouse, greenhouse, small arch shed, electric potential line, nutrition bowl, etc.) can be greatly improved.