Does it make money to grow winter dates? How to plant winter jujube trees? How to manage it?

Winter jujube (also known as Yanlaihong, Pingguo jujube, Jingtang jujube, Huanghua winter jujube, Miaoshang winter jujube, Zhanhua winter jujube) generally ripens naturally from October to November in the solar calendar, and it is named "winter jujube" because the weather in the north is cold earlier. Do you make money planting winter dates? How do winter trees grow? How to manage?

I. Prospects for planting winter jujube trees

1. Winter jujube is rich in nutrition

Winter jujube is a very nutritious fruit, according to the determination, winter jujube sugar, protein, organic acid, pectin, vitamin A, vitamin E, iron and potassium and other vitamins and minerals, its 100 grams contain vitamin C303.8 mg.

Medical research has proved that vitamin C rich in winter jujube can soften blood vessels and is an ideal drug to prevent hypertension, coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis. Eating winter jujube regularly can improve the health level of human body.

The study also found that winter jujube also contains a bioactive substance called cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which has a strong destructive and inhibitory effect on cancer cells in the human body. Since ancient times, there has been a saying in China that "three dates a day, red face is not old".

2. Winter jujube is adaptable

Winter jujube drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, cold resistance, high temperature resistance. The optimum temperature for its growth and development is 13℃~14℃ in spring, 18℃~25℃ in summer and no less than-15 ℃ in winter.

However, winter jujube is very adaptable to temperature. It can survive safely at minus 30℃ during winter dormancy period and bear fruit at absolute high temperature up to 45℃. At the same time, winter jujube can adapt to wet and dry weather conditions. Winter jujube is not strict with soil requirements. It can be planted in mountain, plain, beach, acid and alkaline soil.

South China is rich in barren hills resources, the development of winter jujube production not only does not compete with grain land, but also winter jujube life is long, cultivation of winter jujube can also expand vegetation, maintain water and soil, improve ecological environment, is a set of economic benefits, ecological benefits in one of the fine tree species, known as "woody grain, iron crop", development prospects are very attractive.

3. Winter jujube production benefit is high

Winter jujube fruit tender juicy, sweet fragrance winter jujube, very popular with consumers, in addition to winter jujube listed in the fruit off-season, so the market price has been very high, especially in the southern provinces of our country, due to the need to transfer from the north every year, the price is higher. In recent years, the retail price in Hunan Province market is 10 yuan ~16 yuan per kilogram, and 20 yuan ~24 yuan per kilogram in Guangzhou. There are data reports that the international market winter jujube is in short supply, South Korea for 36 US dollars per kilogram, European and American markets each average as high as 1 US dollar. The market is vast. Therefore, some experts believe that the development of winter jujube production in the south will become the "golden industry" of agricultural restructuring.

4. How much does winter cost per acre?

Winter jujube crown small, slow growth, early flowering, generally close planting, plant spacing generally adopted 2×3m, 3×3m, 2×4 m 3 ×4m, planting 56-111 trees per mu. It is suggested that the density of 2×3 m should be adopted first, so that early high yield can be obtained, and thinning or transplantation can be carried out after more than ten years to avoid too dense. After purchasing seedlings, spraying enzyme fertilizer, planting without supplementary seedlings. After that, enzyme fertilizer is sprayed every month, and drip irrigation or irrigation of all-element liquid fertilizer is carried out every week. According to Zhanhua County Huangsheng Town Zaoyuan Village jujube farmer Guo Shifu said winter jujube per mu nearly 1000 yuan expenses.

2. Cultivation techniques of winter jujube trees

1. Selection of land for garden construction: garden construction should select healthy growth, developed roots, non-pest damage of high-quality non-toxic seedlings. The plot should be selected with fresh air, pure water quality, unpolluted soil, flat terrain, open terrain, sufficient light, fertile soil, good drainage and irrigation conditions, soil free of harmful and toxic substances, soil minerals within the normal range, no pesticide residues and pollution.

2. Timely planting: winter jujube has strong adaptability, drought resistance and barren, and is not strict with fertilizer and water requirements. The garden should be built by dense planting dwarf cultivation mode, generally 2 to 3×3 to 4 meters, planting 56 to 111 plants per mu, which has obvious effect on improving the early yield of young trees. Winter jujube has high requirements for light, and the row design should be the best from north to south.

3. Fertilizer and water management: winter jujube has a high demand for phosphorus fertilizer. When planting, calcium superphosphate 0.5 kg and organic fertilizer 25 kg can be applied to each plant. Chemical fertilizer is applied once every year from late May, late June to early July and early August. In autumn, organic fertilizer is applied in furrows, 50 - 70 kg of farm manure and 0.5 - 1 kg of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer or the same amount of three-element compound fertilizer are applied to each plant. Jujube trees are irrigated once before germination, before flowering, during young fruit expansion and before wintering. In other times, irrigation is appropriate according to drought, drainage is timely in rainy season, and cultivation and weeding are timely after rain. Tillage tree trays in autumn.

4. Flowering and fruit management: First, in the early flowering jujube head topping, according to the growth potential, respectively, 3 to 5 secondary branches topping. Second, spray clean water, spray clean water every 1 to 3 days from the early stage of jujube flower to full bloom, spray 3 to 5 times in total. The third is hormone treatment, spraying 1 to 2 times of 10 to 15 mg/L gibberellin at the early stage of full flower. Fourthly, girdling and girdling are carried out. The trunk girdling is carried out on the young and prosperous trees in full bloom. The trunk diameter is more than 5 cm, and girdling is carried out. The girdling width is 0.5 to 1 cm. Fruit trees can be girdled on the trunk, and young trees are generally girdled on the main branches at the beginning of the fruit, so as to achieve the effect of fruit and tree cultivation. It is better to heal the peeling mouth in about 20 days to achieve the purpose of retaining nutrition and fruit on the tree.

5. Shaping and pruning: The tree shape of winter jujube depends on the planting density. For 55~100 trees per mu, it is advisable to adopt small crown and sparse layer shape, keep ventilation and light transmission, plant the fixed stem height of 70 ~ 80 cm, and cultivate 5 to 6 main branches year by year. During winter and summer pruning, excessive long branches, short and long branches, dense branches and thin branches should be thinned in time to maintain tree balance, keep crown ventilation and light transmission, and retract long fruit branches in time. Renew and rejuvenate local branches.

6. Disease control: jujube pests and diseases are mainly leaf mites, peach fruit borer, jujube step Qu, jujube rust, jujube fruit shrinkage disease, jujube crazy disease. spray 40% omethoate emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times 1 to 2 time in budding leaf period to control jujube budding; spray 15% saomijing emulsifiable concentrate 2500 times 1 to 2 times in late May to early June in occurrence period of spider mite; spray pyrethroid pesticide 2 to 3 times in middle July to middle August to control peach fruit borer and jujube budding. In July, August and September, the fungicide can be sprayed once every 15 to 20 days, and 200 times or Bordeaux mixture and 800 times solution of carbendazim or 1000 times solution of thiophanate-methyl wettable powder can be used alternately to control jujube rust and fruit shrinkage. When jujube madness is discovered, the light ones are cut off, and the heavy ones are removed in time.

7. Harvest and storage: winter jujube is a fresh food variety, more hand-picked, the same plant winter jujube maturity is different, according to the situation can be divided into 2~3 times of harvest, phased harvest can not only improve yield, but also improve quality. After harvest, it is usually stored in cold storage, which can inhibit the production of ethylene in winter jujube under low temperature. The temperature of cold storage is about 1℃, and its relative humidity should be maintained at about 98%, which will be supplied to the market during New Year's Day and Spring Festival.

III. Stage management of winter jujube trees

1. Dormancy period (November to March)

(1) Remove the grass after falling leaves, scrape the bark, cut off the diseased branches, dead branches and damaged branches, clean up the dead leaves in the jujube garden, burn them together, and eliminate the diseases and insect pests that overwinter.

(2) After scraping off the old bark, the trunk is painted with white (the proportion of white paint is 0.5 parts of vegetable oil, 3~5 parts of sulfur mixture solution, 0.1 parts of salt, 10 parts of quicklime and 30 parts of water), and combined with white painting, the overwintering wax scale and pear scale on the trunk are brushed.

(3) Before freezing, turn over the tree tray deeply, pick up the cocoon and pupa of insects, eliminate the pests such as jujube looper, green bug elephant, peach small, jujube gall midge, peach moth and so on overwintering in the soil, and pour frozen water once.

(4) Spraying 5°Be sulfur mixture on the whole tree once in late November and early March respectively to eliminate overwintering spider mites, scale insects and dry rot.

(5) In the middle and late March, wrap a plastic tape 6~10 cm wide at the lower part of the leaves, and turn the upper part to prevent the jujube inchworm from climbing the tree. At the same time, tie a p1000-fold fenvalerate ring, replace it once a half month, and poison the jujube inchworm and jujube bud weevil.

(6) Nitrogen fertilizer is applied before germination in combination with watering. Urea or diammonium is applied to 3-year-old trees 150~ 250g, urine is applied to fruit trees 500~ 1000g, zinc sulfate or ferrous sulfate is applied to jujube gardens with small leaf disease or yellow leaf disease 500~ 1000g, and circular multi-point hole application is adopted. Before watering saline-alkali soil, spray 20~ 30ml Hekang saline-alkali eliminator on each plant. Cover young trees with plastic film after watering.

2. Germination (April)

(1) before germination, pruning, cultivation and adjustment of skeleton structure to make the layout reasonable, ventilation and light transmission. 1~4 years old saplings generally do not thinning branches, 5 years old or above, over-dense branches, excessive branches, 7~8 years old fruit branch group timely renewal, unbranched trees pull branches open angle.

(2) At the early stage of germination, spraying 0.3~0.5°Be sulfur mixture to control red spider and scale insect.

(3) black light lamp was used to trap and kill the adults of jujube armyworm.

(4) After germination, remove the improper position or excess jujube head in time.

(5) Spraying 1000 times of 5% Cassik EC or 4000~6000 times of 10% Imidacloprid or 1500 times of Chlorpyrifos +2000 times of Chlorfenuron No. 3 in the middle and late April to control jujube looper, red spider, jujube armyworm, jujube bud weevil, green bug and jujube gall midge.

(6) In late April, phoxim particles were scattered in the tree tray within 1m from the trunk and shallow hoe was used to kill the unearthed jujube gall midge and jujube bud weevil.

3. Branching and leaf development stage (early and mid-May)

(1) In the first ten days of May, spray mefenuron No.3 2000 times in 99.1% Caltex Dishichong EC 200~300 times (or + Guochongdi 1000 times) to control jujube gall midge, red spider, gypsy moth, green mirid elephant, jujube looper, etc., spray twice every 10 days.

(2) In the middle of May, the jujube garden was watered once before flowering in dry years, and the young trees were applied with 150~ 300g ammonium phosphate per plant, and the fruit trees were 500~ 1000g. For the jujube head growing upright, the branch opening angle should be pulled, the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the tree body should be improved, the growth potential should be relaxed, and fruit setting should be promoted.

4. Early flowering (late May)

(1) Topping of jujube head in late May and secondary branches from late May to early June. Date hanging and topping are carried out in the middle and late June. The earlier the topping, the better the flower and fruit preservation effect.

(2) Spray 10% Liuyangmycin 1000 times +10% nicotine EC +800 times of nail support or Misijing 2000 times +800 times of nail support before flowering to control jujube tick, jujube armyworm, red spider and jujube black spot.

(3) From late May to early June, it is best to sprinkle phoxim particles in the tree tray within 1m from the trunk after rain to kill peach pests.

5. Flowering (June)

(1) When each jujube has 3 - 8 flowers, girdle or girdle. Generally, the girdling width is 1/10 of the warp, the maximum width should not exceed 1 cm, and it is appropriate to heal in 25~30 days. Large trees and strong trees can be appropriately wider, and small trees and weak trees should be girdled narrower. Too thin or too weak trees that are not suitable for girdling can be circumcised 2~3 times on the trunk or main branch at intervals of 3~5 cm, and then circumcised 1 time after 1 week. After girdling for 10 days, apply 1000 times of fruit worm Bike to prevent beetles. General jujube tree can only be girdled once a year, individual over-flourishing tree can be girdled twice.

(2) In the first and middle of June, when the jujube blossoms to 5~8, spray 15 mg/kg gibberellin once, and add 0.2~0.3% borax and 0.5% glucose at the same time to increase the fruit setting rate.

(3) When the flower is nearly 50%, it can be sprayed with 2~3 times of water or 0.3% urea or 600 times of jujube in the evening interval to protect the flower and fruit.

(4) In late June, insect pests such as chafer, yellow spot bug and jujube bud weevil were caught artificially.

(5) Spraying mite clear 2000 times + Paul 2000 times + iprocarbamide 600 times + jujube tefeng 800 times from late June to early July to control jujube armyworm, peach small, cotton bollworm, beet moth, red spider, turtle wax scale, yellow spot bug, ring disease, rust, jujube leaf spot disease, etc.

(6) From late June to early July, the young trees were treated with 150~ 250g ammonium phosphate and 500g potassium sulfate, and the fruit trees were doubled. After watering, the jujube garden is paved with wheat straw or weeds 20~25 cm thick, and the grass is covered with soil to prevent wind blowing.

6. Young fruit stage (July)

(1) Spray Bordeaux mixture once in early July to prevent jujube rust. Black light lamp was used to trap and kill the adults of leopard wood moth, BT emulsion 500 times was sprayed to control peach small, and also to control the nymph of turtle wax scale.

(2) Thinning fruit in the first and middle of July, leaving one fruit for each jujube in strong and prosperous trees, one fruit for 2 jujube in moderate trees, and one fruit for 3 jujube in weak trees, so as to increase the weight of single fruit and reduce fruit drop.

(3) Spraying 600 times +100 ￣ 140 IU of agricultural streptomycin +600 times of jujube tefeng in the middle of July to control beet armyworm, cotton bollworm, jujube rust, jujube leaf spot disease, ring disease and fruit shrinkage disease.

(4) Spraying 400 times of green debao +1500 times of white witt in late July to control jujube rust, jujube leaf spot disease, ring disease, red spider, etc.

7. Fruit expansion period (August)

(1) Spraying 1% agricultural antibiotic 751 300 times +100 ￣ 140 IU agricultural streptavidin in early August to control jujube fruit shrinkage disease and jujube spot disease.

(2) Spraying 10% Nicotine EC or 10% Polyoxycycline in the middle and late August to control jujube armyworm, fruit borer, leaf spot and fruit disease.

8. Fruit coloring period (September)

(1) Pentenazole 1000 times +140 international units agricultural streptomycin + jujube tefeng 600 times + meilin calcium in early September to control jujube rust, anthracnose, fruit shrink, peach small, turtle wax scale, etc., at the same time can improve fruit quality, enhance fruit storage resistance.

(2) In the first ten days of September, tie grass to the trunk and base of big branches to trap winter pests such as jujube armyworm, jujube moth, red spider, etc.

(3) In the middle of September, spray 600 times of Verticillium sp.+300 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to prevent and control ring disease.

(4) Base fertilizer is applied to jujube garden in middle and late September, organic fertilizer 10~ 30kg, calcium fertilizer 0.25kg, urea 0.15~ 0.25kg are applied to 1~3-year-old trees, and hole expansion ring fertilization is adopted. 50~ 75kg organic fertilizer, 0.5~ 1kg calcium fertilizer and 0.2~ 0.5kg urea are applied to 4~8-year-old trees. Iron and zinc fertilizer can be applied to trees lacking iron and zinc.

9. Fruit maturity (October)

(1) Spraying 600 times of silver fruit + high-efficiency calcium + agricultural streptomycin at the beginning of October to improve fruit quality and storability and prevent fruit rot.

(2) From the first and middle of October, harvest winter dates in batches, preferably after the dew dries in the morning.

(3) spray 600-fold carbendazim or 800-fold thiophanate-methyl on the tree after fruit picking, and collect and destroy the diseased fruits in a centralized manner to reduce the source of diseases and pests.