How can winter rape be planted all over the country to achieve high yield? The Ministry of Agriculture and villages issued production technical guidance and suggestions for 2018-2019.

The national planting of rape in autumn and winter is about to begin. According to the climate characteristics and production practice this year, the Oil expert guidance Group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Village, together with the National Agricultural Technology extension Service Center, studied and put forward the technical guidance for winter rape production in 2018 and 2019.

First, integrate and promote green, high-quality and efficient technology

(1) to select varieties with high yield, high quality and high resistance in accordance with local conditions. According to the climate, soil and other natural conditions, planting system and the occurrence law of diseases and insect pests in different regions, the local leading rape varieties with high yield, high quality, disease resistance, lodging resistance and high oil content were selected according to local conditions. For direct seeding rape in paddy field, rapeseed varieties which are tolerant to waterlogging and suitable for close planting should be selected; in rice-rice-oil triple cropping system, varieties with short growth period, early maturity or very early maturity should be taken into account; direct seeding rape in dry land should choose middle (late) mature varieties with good resistance to close planting, lodging and high yield.

(2) seed dressing before sowing to improve sowing quality and efficiency. Drought or heavy rain in the autumn sowing season in the Yangtze River basin will affect rape emergence. In order to ensure the quality of sowing and emergence, drying the seeds for 3 days before sowing can not only kill the germs on the seed surface, but also improve the seed germination energy and germination rate. Advocate seed coating or chemical seed dressing, pay attention to strictly control the amount of medicine used in seed dressing, spread the sun immediately after seed mixing or immediately after seed mixing, and appropriately increase the amount of seed after seed dressing.

(3) supporting machinery and tools to strengthen the agronomic integration of agricultural machinery. According to the agronomic measures, farming mode, operation technology, machine selection and matching, combined with the relevant operation links and the matching of crops before and after, reasonable selection of rape green, high-quality and efficient production technologies, such as soil moisture management, high-density planting, slow and controlled release of total nutrition once fertilization, combined mechanical sowing, UAV flight control, and so on. In the sowing link, it is advocated to use a combined seeder to achieve ditching, stubble eradication, soil loosening, fertilization, sowing and weeding at one time, so as to improve sowing efficiency. In the field management link, the continuous planting of rape land was sprayed with machinery or UAV to improve the control efficiency. In the harvest process, mechanical joint harvesting should be carried out as far as possible to reduce the harvest cost.

II. Comprehensive management measures for field sowing and planting

(1) sowing seeds in soil moisture to ensure that the whole seedling is strong. In order to reduce the impact of autumn drought or autumn flood, all localities should rush to sow seeds as soon as possible to ensure that the whole seedling is sown. For fields with excessive humidity or areas with frequent overcast and rain, mechanical ridging and direct seeding can be adopted. In case of drought, direct seeding rape in dry land can be suppressed after sowing to make the planting soil close and promote seedling emergence. The suitable sowing date of direct seeding rape is generally from late September to the first and middle of October, the sowing amount per mu is 200,000,300 grams, and there are 20,000-30,000 seedlings per mu. For the fields with late sowing or poor soil fertility, the sowing amount per mu can be increased to 300Mu 400g, leaving 30,000-40,000 seedlings per mu. In areas where rice straw is returned to the field, attention should be paid to the uniform return of rice straw to the field, and the sowing amount of direct seeding rape should be increased by 15% and 20% compared with those that do not return to the field, so as to ensure the basic number of seedlings. Rape seedling transplanting is generally suitable for soil moisture transplanting around the middle and last ten days of October, and the transplanting density is 8000 plants per mu; the transplanting period should not be too late, and the transplanting density of late planting rape should be increased appropriately.

(2) applying fertilizer scientifically to promote the reduction of chemical fertilizer. Scientific fertilization was carried out according to soil fertility and yield expectation. It is recommended to select rape special slow-release formula fertilizer to reduce the link of topdressing and improve the fertilizer utilization efficiency. The basal application of 40,50kg per mu generally does not need topdressing, which can basically meet the requirements of high yield. If the traditional method of fertilization is adopted, the general field will apply 10kg of pure nitrogen, 4kg of phosphorus pentoxide, 5kg of potassium oxide and 0.75kg of borax per mu. Among them, 60% of the total nitrogen and potash fertilizer and all phosphate and boron fertilizer are used as base fertilizer, 20% of the nitrogen fertilizer is used for raising seedlings before winter, 10% of the nitrogen fertilizer is used for 20% of the nitrogen fertilizer and 40% of the potash fertilizer is used as bolting fertilizer. The technique of lateral deep application of fertilizer can be used when topdressing, that is, the position of fertilization is 5cm away from the side of the seedling, and the depth of fertilization is 5cm, so as to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use.

(3) preventing and draining waterlogging and reducing diseases, insect pests and weeds. Rape in the Yangtze River basin is prone to waterlogging and aggravate the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. Field management should be strengthened to reduce the damage of diseases and insect pests. First, we should do a good job in "one promotion and four defenses." The early flowering stage is the best time to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and flowering. Foliar spraying can be carried out with the mixed solution of suitable chemicals, phosphate fertilizer and boron fertilizer, which can not only control the disease, but also promote the growth and development of rape. The second is to prevent pests in autumn and winter. Popularize seed coating technology to control diseases and insect pests at seedling stage. For uncoated rapeseed, suitable pesticides were selected to control aphids, cabbage insects and other pests. At the same time, pay attention to timely control of direct seeding rape weeds. The third is to prevent freezing injury. The plant growth regulator was sprayed once before the Winter Solstice to enhance the freezing resistance of the plant. For the fields where the former seedlings of the Winter Solstice are more prosperous, suitable chemicals should be selected to control the growth, prevent early moss and early flowers, and avoid the harm of late spring cold. Fourth, strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of root swelling disease. Focus on the occurrence area of root swelling disease. In addition to selecting disease-resistant varieties, transplanting rape can use sterile seedling bed to raise seedlings and postpone transplanting for about 5 days. After seed coating, direct seeding rape will sow late in time after October 10, which can greatly reduce the incidence.

Third, actively expand the various functions of rape.

Rape has many uses, such as oil, vegetable, flower, honey, fertilizer and forage. It is necessary to strengthen the multi-functional development and utilization of rape, realize "one vegetable with multiple uses", and improve planting efficiency and farmers' income.

(1) both vegetable oil and vegetable oil. It is appropriate to select early-maturing varieties with high quality, high yield and strong regeneration ability, early sowing and early planting, and reasonable close planting. Generally, the special compound fertilizer for rape and borax is 30,50kg and 0.5kg per mu, and a certain amount of organic fertilizer can be applied where the conditions permit. The best picking time is the bolting height of 25ml / 35cm, and the bolts of about 15cm at the top of the main stem are picked as vegetables. 3 days before bolting, 5kg urea was applied per mu to promote branching growth. After bolting, depending on the growth of rape, 5kg urea and 2kg potash fertilizer were applied per mu to promote the recovery of rape growth.

(2) Green manure rape. Rape as green manure can increase soil organic matter, promote the release of insoluble phosphorus in soil, reduce the base of diseases and insect pests, improve soil physical and chemical properties, which is beneficial to the growth and development of crops. In the double-cropping rice and ratooning rice producing areas, the varieties with good disease resistance and high stem and leaf yield should be selected, and the suitable sowing rate should be 0.5 kg per mu. According to the soil temperature and humidity and climatic conditions, the rape was crushed and pressed and returned to the field in time 10 min 15 days before the next crop was sown and no later than the final flowering stage of rape.

(3) Feed rape. Double-low forage rape varieties with high protein content and high green feed yield should be selected. According to the feeding methods and processing requirements, harvesting was carried out from the bud bolting stage to the early stage of pod formation.

In addition, in areas rich in tourism resources, rape can give full play to its multi-functions and vigorously develop the comprehensive utilization of nectar. On the one hand, by planting different varieties, designing landscape patterns, prolonging flowering and other ways to develop sightseeing tourism and leisure agriculture. On the other hand, through the development of apiculture, the development of honey, pollen, royal jelly, propolis and other series of bee products, in-depth exploration of rape income potential.