What are the morphological characteristics of black pearl cherries? What are the planting techniques?

Black pearl cherry is a kind of excellent cherry which has been cultivated by Chinese cherry. It is a high-grade fruit in the market and has good commodity value. So what are the morphological characteristics of black pearl cherries? What are the planting techniques of black pearl cherries? Let's take a look at it.

1. The morphological characteristics of black pearl cherry?

The fruit is large, with an average fruit weight of 4.5 grams. The shape of the fruit is nearly round, and the fruit apex is papillary. The skin is medium-thick, the waxy layer is medium-thick, the background color is red, the fruit face is purplish red, when fully mature, it is purple-black, and its appearance is as bright as pearl. Orange flesh, soft texture, more juice, soluble solids content of 22.6%, sugar 17.4%, acid 1.3%, sweet flavor, medium flavor, excellent quality. Semi-detached nucleus, the edible rate is 90.3%. It sprouts in Chongqing from late January to early February, blossoms in mid-late February, fruit ripens in mid-late April, and leaves fall in late November.

What are the planting techniques of black pearl cherries?

Build a garden

The main contents are as follows: 1. garden site selection and soil improvement.

Black pearl cherry likes light, is not resistant to waterlogging and drought, so it is appropriate to choose sloping land with good light, drainage and deeper soil layer to build a garden, and the sandy loam soil with pH 6-7 is the best. If the garden is built on flat land or clay land, attention should be paid to ditch drainage and soil improvement. One month before planting, 80~100crn can be widened according to planting row, deep 60~80crn trench to improve soil, and layered pressing of miscellaneous leather, crop straw, phosphate fertilizer, pig and chicken manure water, etc. It can also be planted according to the designed density, and then enlarge the hole and improve the soil year by year.

2. Planting and density of seedlings.

It can be planted from September to February of the following year, but it is the best in the climate of Xiaoyang spring from October to November. Dwarfing and dense planting was adopted, and the row spacing was 1.5m × 3.0m (150 plants per mu). Black pearl cherry has high self-flowering seed setting rate, but it is not suitable for pollination trees. However, in order to obtain more reliable yield, pollination trees can be planted at 1:8. At present, Dahongpao cherry is the main pollination variety. When planting, the fixed root water should be fully watered and watered thoroughly. After all, sprinkle a layer of fine niobium soil on the tree plate, and finally cover the tree plate (thick 2~5crn) within 1.0 m diameter with weeds to maintain soil moisture.

Soil fertilizer and water management

1. Fertilizer and water management of young garden (1-2 years after planting).

Young black pearl cherries grow fast and blossom easily. In order to produce high yield early, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened in the year of planting, so that it can quickly form a high-yield crown, and stop growing before July, so as to complete flower bud differentiation as soon as possible. When the first fertilizer was applied when the new shoot length 2cm was planted in the same year, 15g of urine, 10g of monoammonium phosphate (or 20g of superphosphate) and 5kg of pig manure were applied. After that, the amount of fertilizer used was gradually increased with the expansion of the crown. Stop topdressing and control moisture after the middle of June to control vegetative growth and promote flower bud differentiation. When base fertilizer was applied once in early September, human and animal manure water 20kg and superphosphate 250g could be applied to plants. The dense planting garden has a considerable yield in the second year, so potash fertilizer should be applied more. Fertilization three times a year: the first application of sprouting fertilizer in early February, urea 100g 150g, potassium sulfate 50g, pig manure 1Okg; the second application of postharvest fertilizer in early May, 150g urine per plant, 20kg of human and animal manure water; the third application of base fertilizer in mid-late September, human and animal manure 20kg, calcium superphosphate 500g.

2. Fertilizer and water management of high-yield garden.

When the dense planting garden enters the high-yield period in the third year, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled and the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be increased. Fertilization 3 times a year: the first application of sprout fertilizer in late January, one-time application of potassium fertilizer to facilitate fruit absorption and expansion, combined with nitrogen fertilizer, pig manure 3600kg, urea 40kg, potassium sulfate 30kg per 667m2; the second postharvest fertilizer was applied in early May to restore tree potential and provide nutrients for flower bud differentiation, mainly nitrogen, pig manure 4400kg, urea 30kg The third basal fertilizer was applied in late September, mainly organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, which accumulated nutrients for the next year. Pig and chicken manure water 5000kg and superphosphate 80kg could be applied.

3. Orchard ploughing and water management.

The orchard is ploughed once a year in winter, and the interrow weeds are weeded with herbicides 2 or 3 times a year from March to October. Cover the tree plates and rows with weeds or crop straw from March to April. During 5 consecutive days of drought, proper irrigation should be made to keep the soil moist so as to reduce fruit cracking. 9 and combined with fertilization, expanding holes to improve soil, pressing into weeds and other organic matter in the garden. From May to August, attention should be paid to open panning and drainage and reduce soil moisture in order to promote flower bud differentiation and control tree crown.

Shaping and pruning

1. Plastic surgery.

Because it is a light-loving tree species, it is suitable for small crown sparse layer shaping in dense planting garden, which takes shape in 2-3 years. The shaping method is as follows: the 40~60cm is fixed in the same year, one erect branch with strong growth is selected as the central stem, another 4 branches are selected as the first layer main branch, and 2 ~ 4 branches are selected as auxiliary branches. Take off the heart to promote the branch when the main branch 30cm, and choose the extended branch. At the beginning of July, the angle of the main branch was adjusted to an angle of 70-80 degrees with the trunk. On the other hand, the auxiliary branches are coring and promoting branches in 15~20cm, and the angle is adjusted at the beginning of May to make them grow horizontally to form bouquet-like short fruit branches. From July to August, combined with chemical control and water control measures to promote flower bud differentiation. During the spring pruning in the second year, the 60cm was truncated to the central stem, and the second layer of lateral branches were cultured. 3 main branches and 2 auxiliary branches were cultivated according to the same method. In the third year, the third layer of main branches were cultured with the same method, leaving 2 main branches. It has been formed for 3 years, and the tree height is controlled between 2m and 2.5m.

2. Trim.

During the period of young trees, summer pruning is the main method. It can be used to pick the heart and pull the branches of the strong branches in summer to promote them to form medium and short branches. In winter shearing, it is mainly long and often promotes bouquet-like fruiting branches. On the other hand, the high-yield trees are mainly cut in winter, thinning and retraction are adopted to improve the lighting and ventilation conditions of the trees, so that they are not sparse outside and inside, and bear three-dimensional fruit. The weak branches were renewed by short cutting, and the senile branches were retracted. At the same time, the branches extending to the rows are retracted, so that the ventilation and light transmission zone around the 80cm is maintained between the rows. The internal long branches are properly retained according to the situation, twisted branches and coring are carried out in summer and cultivated into new branches. In addition, the bud picked by the cherry is solitary, and the leaf bud must be selected as the cutting bud during short pruning.

Flower and fruit management

1. Control the crown and promote the flower. Controlling crown and promoting flowers is the key to the success of dense planting orchards. Chemical and agricultural techniques can be used from May to August. The common methods are as follows: spraying 300 times 15% paclobutrazol in the first ten days of May, controlling fertilizer and water, opening ditches and drainage to keep orchards properly dry; opening erect branches angle and coring from June to August.

2. Flower and fruit protection and fruit thinning. The methods of flower and fruit protection are as follows: properly planting pollinated varieties, releasing bees at flowering stage and spraying 0.1% borax + 0.2% urea + 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixture twice. Fruit thinning can be carried out after the first physiological fruit drop in late March, mainly removing insect fruit, diseased fruit and abnormal fruit.

3. Prevent fruit cracking and fruit drop before harvest. Fruit cracking and pre-harvest fruit drop are the main reasons for the low yield of cherries in the south. In Rain Water's uneven year, the black pearl cherry still has slight fruit cracking and pre-harvest fruit drop, which can be prevented by irrigation during drought, grass mulching between tree plates and rows, spraying phosphorus and potassium in the fruit boom period, and increasing potassium fertilizer in early spring.

Pest control

1. Disease control

The main diseases of black pearl cherry are leaf spot, perforation, dry blight, brown rot and so on. Leaf spot disease and perforation disease are mainly harmful to leaves, and most of them occur from March to August, which can be prevented by spraying Dumei 3-5 degree stone-sulfur mixture in winter. In the disease season, carbendazim and 70% methyl topiramate are selected for control; dry blight damages tree trunks and main branches, which can scrape the disease spot to clear the garden in winter and protect the residue of stone-coated sulfur mixture after scraping off the disease spot in the growing season; the fruits damaged by brown spot can be sprayed 1000 times 50% or 800 times 70% methyl topiramate once before falling flowers, except in combination with garden cleaning in winter.

2. Pest control

The main pests are pear heart borer, peach aphid, mulberry scale, boat caterpillar and so on. Insecticides such as permethrin, imidacloprid, quick culling and trimethoprim can be used for control.

In the process of planting black pearl cherries, careful management must be done and the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests should be put in place, so that the quality and yield of black pearl cherries can be improved.