What kind of wheat is good to grow in different regions? How to grow high yield? Technical guidance on Wheat planting in Autumn and Winter in 2018-2019

Since the summer of this year, there has been more rainfall in the main producing areas of winter wheat, and the soil moisture is generally sufficient. The growth and development process of autumn crops is close to the same period of the year, and the expected maturity is similar to that of the year, and winter wheat is expected to be sown in most areas. The supply of wheat seeds is sufficient to meet the needs of production. However, there are uncertainties in weather conditions and soil moisture during this autumn planting period. All localities should make early preparations to earnestly improve the sowing quality of winter wheat, cultivate strong seedlings before winter, and consolidate the foundation for a bumper harvest of summer grain next year. Now it is divided into four major planting regions to put forward the technical guidance of wheat planting in autumn and winter in 2018 and 2019, which can be used for reference.

First, how to grow high yield in Huang-Huai and northern winter wheat areas?

The Huang-Huai winter wheat region includes Shandong, Henan (except Xinyang), south-central Hebei, northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, southwestern Shanxi and Guanzhong, Shaanxi. The northern winter wheat region includes north-central Hebei, central and southeastern Shanxi, Weibei, Shaanxi and other places. Huang-Huai and northern winter wheat areas are not only the largest winter wheat producing areas in China, but also the main producing areas of high quality strong gluten and medium strong gluten wheat in China. The production conditions in this area are good, and the light and heat resources are rich. The annual precipitation is 400m / 900mm, with more precipitation in the south and less in the north. The land is flat and the soil is fertile. The planting system is mainly wheat and corn cropping twice a year. Wheat was sown in the first and middle of October and harvested from the end of May to the first and middle of June the following year. The key management points of wheat sowing in autumn and before winter in this area include the following aspects:

(1) preparation before broadcast

1. Selection of varieties. According to the local climate, soil, soil fertility, planting system, yield level and diseases and insect pests, suitable varieties should be selected with high yield, high quality and high efficiency as the goal, disaster reduction and disaster avoidance, high and stable yield as the focus. Ensure that the seed quality of the seed used for production is high, the seed purity is not less than 99%, the purity is not less than 99%, and the germination rate (normal seedling rate) is more than 85%. One is to select varieties according to quality requirements. According to the processing needs of enterprises, appropriately expand the planting area of high-quality wheat. Strong gluten varieties with excellent quality and high yield can be selected in the suitable planting area of strong gluten wheat, and high yield, stress resistance and quality should be taken into account in medium gluten and medium strong gluten wheat. The second is to select winter and semi-winter varieties according to the air temperature conditions of different ecological regions. Winter varieties are strictly selected in northern winter wheat area, winter or semi-winter varieties are selected in Huang-Huai winter wheat area, weak spring varieties can be selected in some areas or late sowing wheat fields in the south of Huang-Huai, and cross-regional planting and unapproved varieties are strictly prohibited. The third is to select varieties according to the planting system. Wheat-cotton intercropping requires wheat varieties to be suitable for late sowing and early maturity in order to shorten the symbiotic period of wheat and cotton, as well as shorter plants, compact plant type and strong edge dominance, which can make full use of light energy and improve photosynthetic efficiency. The fourth is to select varieties according to soil conditions. Fertilizer-resistant and lodging-resistant varieties with high yield potential were selected in high-yield fields with good fertilizer and water conditions, drought-resistant, water-saving and stable-yield varieties were selected in water-deficient areas, drought-resistant and barren-resistant varieties were selected in dry and thin land, and drought-resistant and fertilizer-resistant varieties were selected in drought and fertilizer-resistant fields with high fertility. The fifth is to select varieties for regional disasters. Varieties with early maturity, resistance to premature senescence and resistance to wilt should be selected in areas with dry, hot and heavy wind, and varieties with steady growth and strong frost resistance in early spring should be selected in areas prone to late frost. Varieties with moisture resistance, resistance to scab and long seed dormancy period should be selected in the southern areas with too much precipitation and serious waterlogging, and varieties resistant to rust should be selected in areas with heavy rust infection. Sixth, strict introduction and replacement. According to the change of production conditions, the varieties should be changed in time to prevent a large number of introduction, adjustment and frequent replacement of improved varieties without experiment. While planting the main varieties, we should pay attention to the active introduction of new varieties for experiment and demonstration, and do a good job in seed breeding to determine the "succession" varieties.

two。 Seed treatment. Strengthen the treatment of wheat seeds, do a good job of seed coating or chemical seed dressing, reduce the incidence of autumn seedlings, depress the source of overwintering bacteria, control the harm of underground pests at seedling stage, and postpone the incidence of wheat stripe rust, powdery mildew, sheath blight and other diseases. According to the disease resistance, disease degree, climatic conditions and cultivation methods of wheat varieties in different places, the fungicides were selected reasonably. The amount of medicine used in seed dressing should be strict, and excessive drug use is prohibited; sow seeds immediately after seed dressing, mix and use them now, and finish sowing on the same day. Appropriately increase the amount of seeds used after seed dressing with chemicals. When coating and mixing seeds, use the pesticide according to the instructions on the pesticide label.

3. The straw is returned to the field. Corn straw returning to the field should be "chopped, spread evenly, buried deeply and compacted". Straw crushing and returning to the field requires a length of ≦ 7 cm, evenly scattered on the surface, ploughed and buried deep in the ground. If the deep loosening technology is adopted, the straw must be cut into the soil layer first, and the depth of rotary tillage is more than 15 centimeters. After returning the straw to the field, it should be irrigated steadily. If the soil moisture is suitable, it should be raked and pressed in time.

4. Deep ploughing (deep loosening) rake pressure. We should give prominence to high-quality and standardized land preparation techniques with deep ploughing (deep loosening) and suppression as the main content, comprehensively improve the quality of land preparation, and lay a good foundation for wheat sowing. Deep ploughing 23Mel 25cm then rake pressure, or deep loosen 30Mel 35cm then rotary ploughing rake pressure. Deep ploughing or deep loosening can break the bottom of the plough, promote the root system of wheat, enhance the ability of drought resistance; rake pressure can break the bumpy, solid soil, prevent ventilation and loss of soil moisture, preserve seedlings and survive the winter safely. The effect of deep ploughing or subsoiling can last for 2 years, 1 year deep ploughing or subsoiling, 2 years rotary ploughing and soil preparation. Once a year, deep ploughing and deep loosening of dryland wheat fields should be carried out in early July, which is beneficial to rain storage and timely rake harvest of soil moisture. Some dry land can adopt less no-tillage technology based on deep pine, or popularize rotary tillage, fertilization, sowing and suppression machinery. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the pre-operation training of agricultural machinists so that they can truly master the quality standards and technical essentials of land preparation and improve the quality of field land preparation operations.

5. Apply base fertilizer. Pay attention to soil testing formula fertilization, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, supplementary application of trace element fertilizer. High-yield fields use nitrogen fertilizer backward technology, nitrogen fertilizer base application and topdressing each account for 50%, all other fertilizers are applied at the bottom. According to scientific experiments and practical experience, the suitable fertilizer application rates for different soil fertility levels are as follows: 300 Mu yield, 12 kg pure nitrogen per mu, 6 kg phosphorus pentoxide, 6 kg potassium oxide, 70% bottom application of nitrogen fertilizer, 30% topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer, and all base application of phosphorus and potash fertilizer. The yield per mu is 400 Mu 500 kg, with 14 kg of pure nitrogen, 7 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 6 kg of potassium oxide per mu, 60% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40% of topdressing at jointing stage, and all phosphorus and potash fertilizer. The yield per mu is 500 Mu 600 kg, with 14 kg of pure nitrogen, 8 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, 8 kg of potassium oxide, 8 kg of potassium oxide, 50% of bottom application of nitrogen fertilizer, 50% of topdressing at jointing stage, and all of phosphorus and potash fertilizer.

6. Watering makes soil moisture. Persist in sowing seeds in sufficient moisture to ensure that the whole seedling is sown. Wheat fields with insufficient moisture (when the relative soil water content in the 40cm soil layer is less than 70%) should be sown before sowing. It is necessary to hoe the wheat fields that cannot produce soil moisture in time and irrigate the head water after sowing, so as to ensure the timely emergence of wheat seedlings, prevent soil consolidation and reduce the loss of soil moisture. Low-lying wheat fields in the south should pay attention to excluding stagnant water and sowing in soil moisture, while dry land should take advantage of soil moisture to sow seeds.

(2) sowing seeds

7. Suitable sowing time. The daily average temperature for general winter varieties and semi-winter varieties is 16 ℃ and 18 ℃ respectively. To cultivate strong seedlings before winter, winter and semi-winter varieties should ensure that the effective accumulated temperature before winter reaches 550 ℃. Strong seedlings with 6 leaves of main stem, 5 tillers per plant and 5 secondary roots should be formed before winter. at the same time, weather conditions, fertility level, diseases and insect pests and safe overwintering should be considered. Generally, from the end of September to the first ten days of October in the northern winter wheat region, the suitable sowing time is October 5-15 in the north and middle of Huang-Huai winter wheat region, and October 10-20 in the south of Huang-Huai winter wheat region.

8. Reasonable sowing quantity. Reasonable sowing rate and suitable basic seedling number are the starting point of establishing high-quality population, and it is also an important measure to construct reasonable population structure and coordinate the relationship between population and individual, wheat growth and development and environmental conditions. In the suitable sowing time, the suitable sowing rate should be determined by the factors of place, species and time. First, the characteristics of the variety. The varieties with strong tillering ability and high panicle rate should appropriately reduce the sowing rate. The second is the sowing time. The sowing amount of early sowing is appropriately reduced, and the sowing amount of late sowing is appropriately increased. The third is the level of soil fertility. The basic seedlings with better soil fertilizer and water conditions should be sparse, the sowing rate should be less, and the sowing amount in wheat fields with poor water and fertilizer conditions should be increased appropriately. Generally, the basic seedlings per mu in the northern winter wheat area is 200000-300000, the northern and central Huang-Huai winter wheat region is 150000-250000, and the Huang-Huai south is 150000-180000. When the daily average temperature of sowing is lower than 15 ℃, the basic seedlings will increase by 10 000 per day, but the maximum should not exceed 350000.

9. Fine sowing. Sow seeds with wheat planters that meet the requirements and are qualified in quality. Under the premise of high-quality soil preparation, wide uniform sowing, wide and narrow row sowing, equal row spacing uniform sowing and other sowing methods can be popularized; mechanical trench sowing and soil preparation sowing integration can be demonstrated in dry farming areas; and mechanical strip sowing can be popularized in rice stubble wheat areas. All localities determine the suitable sowing row spacing according to the local actual situation, so that the row spacing is the same, the sowing amount is accurate, the depth is the same, the sowing depth is 3mi 5cm, and there is no missed sowing or replay.

10. Repression after the broadcast. Sowing suppression is an important measure to resist drought, prevent freezing, improve the quality of seedling emergence and cultivate strong seedlings before winter. The seeder with ballast should be pressed with sowing, and the seeder without ballast should be suppressed with ballast after sowing. It is necessary to ensure the intensity of suppression, ensure the quality of suppression, ensure that the soil is solid, reduce the loss of soil moisture by ventilation, promote the growth of wheat seedlings, and cultivate strong seedlings before winter.

11. Check seedlings and replant. Wheat seedlings should be checked in time after emergence, and seeds of the same variety should be used as early as possible in places where seedlings are missing or missed sowing, so as to prevent the whole seedling and population quality from being affected by lack of seedlings and broken ridges.

(3) pre-winter management

twelve。 Pour water over the winter. For the wheat fields that lack moisture and straw returning, rotary tillage and sowing, and the soil is not solid in the air, the wheat fields should be watered in time to ensure that the seedlings survive the winter safely. The overwintering water is usually poured from the end of November to the first ten days of December, when the daily average temperature is about 3 ℃, when the water can seep in time, and when it is "frozen at night and dissipated during the day". Promote water-saving irrigation and prohibit flood irrigation. Draw a hoe in time after irrigation, loosen the soil and preserve soil moisture, prevent the surface from cracking, and avoid damaging roots and dead seedlings through ventilation. At the beginning of December, the soil moisture is suitable (the average soil relative water content of the 40cm soil layer in the wheat field is up to or higher than 70%), and the wheat fields with high quality of soil preparation, adequate base fertilizer, normal growth and suitable population can not be watered before winter. For wheat fields without watering conditions, it is necessary to dig and hoe in time to preserve soil moisture after each rainfall.

13. Chemical weeding. It is a favorable time for chemical weeding in wheat field before winter. Generally from the middle of November to the first ten days of December (the daily average temperature is more than 10 ℃), suitable pesticides are selected to control weeds in wheat field in 4-leaf stage and 2-leaf and 1-heart to 3-leaf stage in wheat.

14. Control underground pests. In the wheat field which is seriously harmful to grubs, golden needle insects and other underground pests, the mu is mixed with water and mixed with fine soil, combined with hoeing and applied to the soil. The drug dose should be used according to the instructions of the pesticide label.

15. It is strictly forbidden to eat green. It is necessary to strengthen the management and protection of wheat fields before winter, take good care of livestock and poultry, put an end to the gnawing of livestock and poultry, and ensure the normal growth of wheat seedlings and safe passage through the winter.

Second, how to grow high yield in the winter wheat area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River?

This area, which includes the south of Huaihe River in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, most of Hubei and Xinyang, Henan Province, is one of the main producing areas of winter wheat in China. The climate of the area is humid, the heat condition is good, the annual precipitation is 800ml 1400mm, the terrain is low and flat, and the soil is mainly paddy soil. In the planting system, rice and wheat are mainly cropped twice a year, and wheat is more than sown from late October to mid-November, and harvested from late May to early June the following year. The central and northern part of this area is an important medium gluten wheat producing area in China, while the southern riparian and coastal areas are high quality and weak gluten wheat producing areas. The key management points of wheat sowing in autumn and before winter in this area include the following aspects:

(1) preparation before broadcast

1. Selection of varieties. Varieties with high yield, high quality and moisture resistance, frost resistance, lodging resistance, strong disease resistance (mainly resistant to scab, powdery mildew, sheath blight) and ear sprouting resistance were selected, of which semi-winter varieties could be selected in the north and spring varieties could be selected in the south to appropriately expand the planting area of high-quality and weak-gluten wheat. At the same time, we will promote the establishment of a special wheat production base and strengthen the linkage with flour processing enterprises and food processing enterprises to achieve high-quality, special and efficient production.

two。 Seed treatment. Suitable chemicals can be selected for seed dressing (coating) in the occurrence areas of sheath blight, smut and other diseases. It is necessary to strictly control the dosage and concentration of seed treatment agents, and shall not increase or decrease the dosage and concentration at will; ensure that seed coating agents (seed dressing agents) are evenly covered on the seed surface to improve the effect of seed coating (seed dressing); vigorously popularize special instruments for seed dressing (coating), improve the quality of seed treatment; ready-mixed (package), sowing the same day.

3. The straw is returned to the field. Rice should control the last water supply time, cut off water for 10 days before harvest, create good soil moisture conditions for wheat sowing, harvest in time after maturity, and prevent excessive "old-age rice". Rice harvester should popularize shredding and leveling devices, the length of chopped grass should be controlled at about 5 cm, the stubble height should be less than 10 cm, and spread evenly, and the straw should be spread evenly if the straw is not evenly spread. If the chopping length of rice straw is too long or the stubble height of rice harvest is too high, a special straw grinder should be used after harvest, the straw grinder should drive at a uniform speed, and the crushing knife should be close to the ground to ensure that the stubble and straw should be crushed thoroughly and evenly distributed. Large and medium-sized tractors with more than 90 horsepower are selected for rotary ploughing to kill grass and return to the field, and the depth of rotary tillage should be up to 12mur15 cm to prevent rice straw from enriching in the sowing layer.

4. Apply base fertilizer. Weak gluten wheat with a yield of 300 Mu and 400 kg per mu generally applies 14 kg of pure nitrogen per mu, 70% of base fertilizer and 30% of jointing fertilizer. For medium gluten wheat with a yield of 400 Mu and 500 kg per mu, pure nitrogen is applied to 14 kg per mu, with 60% of base fertilizer and 40% of jointing fertilizer. In high-yield fields, 60% of base fertilizer, 20% of jointing fertilizer and 20% of booting fertilizer (half of flag leaves) are recommended. According to the basic soil fertility level, the ratio of N, P and K to medium gluten and weak gluten wheat was 1: (0.4Mel 0.6): (0.4Mel 0.6), and the suitable ratio of P and K to jointing fertilizer was 5:5. General base fertilizer can be used urea (46% nitrogen) 5mi 10kg, 45% compound fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, potassium oxide content is 15%) 15ml 25kg.

(2) sowing seeds

5. Suitable sowing time. From sowing to the beginning of overwintering, the accumulated temperature is more than 0 ℃ and 500 ℃. In order to ensure that wheat seedlings form suitable age strong seedlings at the beginning of overwintering (6 leaves of main stem, 3 tillers per plant and 5 secondary roots), the suitable sowing time is from late October to early November.

6. Reasonable sowing quantity. The appropriate time for sowing in this area is precision and semi-precision sowing, and the basic seedlings per mu are controlled between 120000 and 160000; later than the appropriate sowing date, it is necessary to appropriately increase the sowing amount, increasing the basic seedlings by 5000 per day per night, up to 80 per cent of the expected number of ears. Attention should be paid to properly adjust the sowing amount according to the factors affecting seedling emergence, such as soil moisture, straw returning to the field and sowing quality.

7. Fine sowing. The wheat fields with early harvest, timely stubble, suitable soil moisture (soil water content less than 80% of the field capacity) and good soil ploughing state can use 2BG6A and other less (free) strip planters to complete shallow rotation, slotting, sowing, soil covering, suppression and other processes in one operation. The sowing depth is 2mi 3cm and the row spacing is 20ml 25cm. Drive at a medium speed to ensure that the seeds fall evenly, and the joints between the two trips should coincide, so as to avoid replay or enlarge the line spacing, and avoid stopping in the field to form seed piles. Leave a gap at both ends of the field to facilitate the turning of the fuselage, and finally replant the empty space at both ends. The dead corners that cannot be sown by the machine should be replanted manually or be dense and thinned after emergence. When the soil water content reaches more than 80% of the field capacity, the newly improved strip sowing machine should be used to prevent the blockage of the seed discharge mouth and the lack of seedlings and ridges. The general requirements of sowing quality are suitable sowing depth, consistent depth, reasonable seedling quantity and uniform seedling emergence.

8. Repression after the broadcast. The seeder with ballast should be pressed with sowing, and the seeder without ballast should be suppressed with ballast in time to ensure the quality of suppression.

9. Mechanical trenching. Timely mechanical trenching after sowing, a vertical trench is dug every 2.5 meters, with a width of 20 cm and a depth of 2530 cm. A horizontal ditch is dug 3 meters away from the horizontal ridge at both ends of the field, and a waist trench is added every 50 meters in the longer field, with a width of 20 cm and a depth of 35 cm. The field head outlet ditch is required to be 25 centimeters wide and 40 centimeters deep. To ensure that the internal and external trenches are connected, pay attention to evenly scatter ditch mud, cover wheat ridges, reduce seed exposure, and protect seedlings from freezing.

(3) pre-winter management

10. Make up the seedlings early. In the fields with few basic seedlings and insufficient application of base fertilizer, seedling fertilizer should be applied in time at the second leaf stage. When the total leaf number of the main stem is 11 leaves or less, when the basal fertilizer and seedling fertilizer are insufficient, the strong tiller fertilizer should be applied at the 4-leaf stage of the main stem. Before and during the winter, apply mud and mixed ash fertilizer to cultivate the soil, keep warm and prevent frost, and fertilize the soil. In wheat fields with a large amount of straw returning, if the wheat seedlings turn yellow seriously, quick-acting compound fertilizer or nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to transform the seedling condition as soon as possible.

11. Weeding in time. Weeds in wheat field should be weeded mainly before winter, and pesticides should be used according to the appropriate period of grass phase, grass age and soil moisture, supplemented by spring weeding. When soil moisture is suitable, close chemical weeding of soil should be carried out before sprouting, and fields with no closed chemical weeding or unsatisfactory weeding effect should be sprayed according to grass phase and dominant grass species in time before winter, and wheat fields dominated by Gramineae weeds should be controlled at the stage of 2mi and 4 leaves of weeds. The wheat fields dominated by broad-leaved weeds were controlled at the 5-leaf stage of wheat. In the wheat field with mixed monocotyledon and dicotyledonous weeds, suitable pesticides should be selected for control. Special attention should be paid to the use of drugs according to the instructions or under the guidance of local agrotechnical personnel, and should not be used repeatedly, and should be carried out in sunny days when the cold tail is warm and the daily average temperature is above 8 ℃, so as to avoid freezing damage caused by drugs in low temperature and cold wave weather.

twelve。 Reduce water and resist drought. Clear the ditch and manage the soil moisture in time, dredge the drainage and irrigation system and prevent waterlogging damage. After sowing, if the soil moisture is insufficient, we should fill up the seedling water to promote the emergence of seedlings in time, and pay attention to not flooding to prevent rotten buds and stuffy buds. When the soil moisture is insufficient or dry in autumn and winter, and the relative soil water content in the plough layer is less than 60%, pay attention to early irrigation of weak seedlings in thin land and late irrigation of seedlings in fertile land. Winter irrigation is usually carried out at a daily average temperature of 3 Mel and 4 ℃. Winter irrigation should use furrow irrigation and other methods, so that there is no stagnant water in the field, so as to avoid soil consolidation, avoid flood irrigation and wash the topsoil.

13. Control prosperity and become strong. For sowing prematurely, the population is too large and the wheat field is too prosperous, it can be ploughed or suppressed, or growth inhibitors can be sprayed to control the growth and become strong, so as to ensure the seedlings to survive the winter safely.

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