What are the management models of watermelon cultivation? How to prevent pests?

With the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, the optimization of cultivation facilities and the bold practice of farmers in recent years, a variety of watermelon cultivation models have been formed all over the country, which can prolong the time to market, basically implement annual supply, and meet the long-term consumption demand. So specifically, what are the modes of watermelon cultivation and management? How to control diseases and insect pests?

I. cultivation and management mode of watermelon

1. Live broadcast in the open air

After the Qingming Festival, basically entered the frost-free period, the temperature rebounded quickly, open-field watermelons can direct dry seeds, or big buds direct seeding after budding. This planting method is not for early maturity, but mainly for high-yield cultivation, and high-quality and high-yield varieties with high quality and large fruit are generally selected for early maturity or middle and late maturity.

2. Plastic film mulching cultivation

At present, this is the most common planting method in China, which is divided into two ways: "direct seeding seed covering film" and "planting melon seedlings raised in advance after film mulching". At present, in some places, the cultivation method of plastic film "covering the sky first and then the ground" is very good. The watermelon covered with plastic film is planted after the frost is broken in mid-April, the harvest time is 7-15 days earlier than that of direct seeding in the open field, and the yield can be about 30% higher, generally dominated by mid-maturing or mid-early-maturing varieties.

3. Cultivation in small arch shed

On the basis of plastic film mulching, the arch shed is generally covered with plastic film. Most of the seedlings can be planted in the middle and last ten days of March. If the grass is covered in the shed at night, the planting period can be advanced to the first ten days of March. Generally, it can be listed in the first ten days of June, because the market is early and the second stubble of melons can be left. The main purpose of this cultivation method is to pursue early maturity and high price, while taking into account the yield of the second stubble melon. therefore, it is required to select varieties that are resistant to low temperature, early maturity and good second stubble melon.

4. Greenhouse cultivation

Greenhouse heat preservation effect is good, watermelon greenhouse cultivation can be planted in advance, early listing, the price is high. The seedling raising period of greenhouse watermelon is generally from late December to early January, the planting period is the first and middle of February, and the second stubble melon can be harvested from late April to early May. The watermelon cultivated in this way is for the purpose of pursuing high price and high benefit, but the requirements for varieties are more stringent because of the unstable climate.

Second, how to control diseases and insect pests in watermelon cultivation?

1. Fusarium wilt

It is commonly known as vine cutting disease and wilt disease, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium oxysporum. Fusarium oxysporum can survive in soil for 5 to 6 years and is easy to occur in old watermelon producing areas and continuous cropping areas. It withered during the day and recovered in the morning and evening, and died after 4-5 days. The base of the plant was longitudinally cracked, the base of the stem rotted like water when it was wet, there was mildew, and there was colloid. The vascular bundles of the diseased stems turned yellowish brown, which was caused by the bacteria infecting the vascular bundles. This is one of the main diseases in the old melon area. Acid soil, continuous cropping land, low-lying terrain, flood irrigation, poor drainage, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient organic fertilizer and weak plant growth will aggravate the occurrence of the disease.

Prevention and control measures:

①, practice crop rotation for more than 5 years and 6 years, clean the countryside, remove diseased plants and burn them in time.

②, select disease-resistant varieties, such as Xinchao, Yuyi new boxing champion, tornado, Luzhixiu, boutique Corolla 908, Yuyi 360, etc., or adopt grafting cultivation to prevent the occurrence of the disease.

③, seed disinfection, soak the seeds with 40% formaldehyde 150x solution for 30 minutes.

④, rational fertilization: combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, application of fully mature organic fertilizer, and application of lime to improve acid soil.

⑤, chemical control: Guakuning, Bacillus cereus and Diwang were mixed into medicinal soil according to the proportion of 1:50, and applied at the acupoint at the time of planting, or when planting, the root was dipped in the disk root for 30 seconds, or after planting, the root was dipped in the disk root for 30 seconds, or after planting, the root solution was irrigated twice with the above-mentioned medicament, which was very effective against Fusarium wilt. At the initial stage of the disease, the root was irrigated with the above-mentioned agents once every 3-5 days for 2-3 times, and the therapeutic effect was better.

2. Virus disease

Also known as mosaic disease, mosaic disease, there are two types of mosaic and fern leaves, is caused by a variety of viruses, mainly watermelon mosaic virus, melon mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus and so on.

Prevention and control methods:

①, soak the seeds with 10% trisodium phosphate solution and 1% potassium permanganate solution for 20 minutes for seed disinfection.

② and the Huang-Huai River Basin should focus on controlling aphids and red spiders on wheat before and after wheat harvest at the end of May and the beginning of June every year.

③, spraying twice with "Jianzhibao 500x liquid + zinc fertilizer" 10-15 days before the onset of the disease can better prevent the occurrence of virus disease in a large area.

④, at the initial stage of the disease, "Kangrun No.2 tablet + Wanshuai No.1 30g + Jianzhibao 30ml" or "Qianduling + Yunda120 + Haisheng" were sprayed with water 15kg, spraying the whole plant once every 4-5 days for 3 times, the effect was very good.

3. Anthrax

Black spot, also known as black spot, is caused by impregnation of half-known bacteria on diseased remains in the soil or on seeds. At the initial stage of the disease, slightly sunken round yellowish spots were formed on the stem and leaf surface, then browned and blackened, concentric wheel lines appeared, the disease spot was easy to break and perforate when dry, pink sticky substance was born when wet, and the whole plant withered after the disease spot expanded around the stem.

Prevention and control methods:

①, seed disinfection, soaking seeds with 50% carbendazim 500x solution for 1 hour can kill anthracnose on the seed surface.

②, crop rotation, deep furrow and high ridge are beneficial to drainage, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, improve plant disease resistance, prune and branch in time, and ensure good ventilation and light transmission in the field.

③, chemical prevention and cure: spraying 500x liquid of "good intention + Jianzhibao" or more than 200x liquid of Baojing every 5-7 days is a unique way to prevent the disease; at the initial stage of the disease, use 1500 times liquid, or 1500 times liquid, or 2000 times liquid, or 1000 times liquid of prothiazol, or 1000 times liquid of 25%, and so on.

4. Mole cricket and grub: poison bait is made of trichlorfon mixed with fried wheat bran. Trichlorfon: water: bait = 1: 5: 300, sprinkled on the sowing bed or in the field after planting. Use poison bait around 2~3kg per mu in the field.

5. Earth maggot: organic fertilizer in nutritious soil. 50% phoxim or 90% trichlorfon are used to kill eggs in the process of ripening. When it was found that the maggots were harmful to the seedlings, the roots and stems of the seedlings were sprayed with 2.5% Huisuling 800x solution + 2.5% deltamethrin 800x solution or 1000 trichlorfon solution in time.

6. Aphids: spray control with 10% motor (acetamiprid) 800x solution, 20% Nuogi (acetamiprid) 1000 times solution, 70% imidacloprid 3000 times solution, 2.5% cyhalothrin (cyhalothrin) 500x solution and so on. Watermelons in the greenhouse can be fumigated with 10% Yansheng (isoprocarb smoke agent).

7. Red spider: control with 500-fold solution of Huiguang insecticidal (1.8% avermectin), 800-fold solution of 15% Shuangman (abamectin) and 700-fold solution of 5% Huiguang Manwang (acarate suspension).