It is no longer difficult to master these skills in orchard management before winter.

Most fruit trees enter the dormancy period in winter, when the deciduous fruit trees basically lose their leaves and their branches stop growing, but there are still a series of activities in the tree, such as respiration, transpiration, bud differentiation and development, root absorption and so on. The Beginning of Winter is coming soon, and many growers have left messages that before the beginning of winter, the orchard does not know how to manage to ensure that the production will not be reduced in the coming year. By mastering these skills, it is no longer difficult to manage the orchard before winter.

I. Protective leaves

Once the fruit trees blossom and set fruit, whether they can produce high-quality fruit and whether they can achieve high yield or not is closely related to the leaf protection in the same year.

The nutrition accumulation of fruit trees in the previous year, after flowering, long leaves and new shoots, was basically consumed from late May to early June, and the fruit trees entered the period of nutrition transformation.

The so-called nutrition conversion period is the conversion from the use of last year's stored nutrition to the use of current year's nutrition. The nutrition in that year comes from the photosynthesis of the leaves, so protecting the leaves can ensure the normal development of the fruit in that year.

After the Beginning of Autumn, the synthetic function of fruit tree leaves reached the peak. The earlier the basal fertilizer was applied, the more inorganic nutrients could be converted into organic nutrients through photosynthesis, which could supply fruit expansion and flower bud differentiation.

The reason for the formation of the big and small year phenomenon is that the fruit trees consume too much and do not apply enough fertilizer in the big year, which makes it difficult to form flower buds and there is no yield next year.

From this point of view, in the autumn fruit tree management, the protection of leaves and early application of base fertilizer is not only the guarantee of high yield in the current year, but also the basis of high yield in the next year.

2. Proper watering

An appropriate amount of water supply is an indispensable condition to maintain tree life and obtain yield and benefit.

The so-called moderate amount is to adapt to the physiological development habits of fruit trees, watering should be watered, and water control should be controlled.

Due to the lack of water conservancy conditions in most apple producing areas, it is difficult to water timely. Therefore, once they seize the opportunity of watering, fruit farmers are accustomed to flood irrigation and expect to be fully watered at once. This is wrong. Excessive watering in the growing season is one of the main reasons for the growth of branches.

To solve the truth that light conditions are conducive to high and stable yield has been paid attention to by fruit growers for many years, and one of the important purposes of transformation is to solve the problem of light.

In the understanding of light, there is an important "28 law", that is, the input of fertilization and watering accounts for only 20% of the contribution rate of fruit trees, 80% of the contribution comes from photosynthesis. If we do not solve the problem of lighting, it is tantamount to wasting free natural resources.

3. Appropriate amount of fertilizer

Insufficient investment is one of the important reasons that restrict the improvement of orchard benefit at present. The outstanding manifestation of underinvestment is the serious shortage of fertilizer investment.

After the mineral nutrients in the soil are absorbed by the fruit trees, a large part of them are transformed and exist in the fruits, which is tantamount to taking away the mineral nutrients from the soil.

Therefore, the theory of nutrient restitution holds that what is taken from the soil should be supplemented, and as much as it is taken away. In this sense, if not enough fertilizer is applied, the soil will become more and more barren and the productive capacity of fruit trees will be lower and lower. Numerous facts have proved that all orchards with high and stable yields in successive years attach importance to fertilizer input.

Most fruit growers "fertilize according to the fruit", that is, more fertilizer input in the big year, little or no fertilizer input in the small year, so that the fruit trees are "hungry and full", often resulting in the weakening of the trees and the serious consequences of various diseases. Through reasonable fertilization and reasonable load, gradually adjust to eliminate the annual fruit phenomenon, which is the main task of fruit tree management at present.

In fertilization, special attention should be paid to fertilization in autumn. The total amount of fertilizer applied in autumn accounts for 2/3 of the amount of fertilizer applied in the whole year. If necessary, it should be supplemented by drying and leaf spraying in addition to soil fertilization.

Fourth, water and fertilizer is the foundation, medication is the guarantee, and pruning is coordination.

Water and fertilizer are essential elements for the growth and development of trees. At no time should the tree be fattened or dehydrated.

In fertilization, first of all, we should ensure that the amount of base fertilizer is sufficient in autumn, and then supplement it in the growing season according to the potential of fruit trees and the situation of hanging fruit.

Generally speaking, when the root system enters the peak of activity before germination and the spring shoot stops, it is necessary to replenish the root fertility, but do not advocate a large number of root cutting, mainly sprinkling or flushing application on the ground, and other times to supplement fertilizer outside the root such as leaf spraying. In watering, except that winter irrigation can water the whole garden, it is appropriate to implement inter-row watering in other seasons.

The purpose of medication is to control diseases and insect pests. In addition to choosing the right medicine, the timing, dosage and method of spraying are very important. Generally speaking, the disease should be prevented in advance, and the pest should wait to reach a certain population density before the drug is used. Whether there are bugs or not, insecticides are added to the medicine, which often leads to waste.

In the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, the water consumption must be sufficient and the atomization should be good. Only in this way can we ensure that the leaves are fully and evenly sprayed with medicine. When spraying, focus on the back of the leaf, because the back of the leaf is dense with stomata and can absorb the liquid very well.

The cuticular layer of the leaf is not conducive to the absorption of the liquid, many people hit the leaf until the leaf is dripping, and the back of the leaf is still dry, this spray effect is the worst.

The main purpose of pruning is to regulate light and nutrient distribution. In fruit tree pruning, we should pay attention to the pruning of the four seasons. Practice has proved that the "two adjustments and one control" technical system promoted by Yuncheng Green Association is a good regulation and control measure for the growing season.

If we conscientiously implement this technical system of orchards, the task of winter pruning will be light. The wrong practice of attaching importance only to winter pruning and not to pruning of the four seasons must be corrected.

Take the apple orchard as an example:

1. Spring pruning: including drawing, sprouting and pre-flowering re-cutting. Pre-flowering re-pruning is carried out after the flower bud shape can be accurately identified, and the main task of re-pruning is to adjust the number of flowers, so that the number of flower and leaf buds can reach an appropriate proportion. at the same time, we should also pay attention to the removal of diseases and insect branches, dry and withered branches, overlapping branches and so on.

2. Complete topdressing, watering, loosening soil and preserving soil moisture. Quick-acting fertilizer can be applied as soon as possible after soil thawing to before germination, and the amount of fertilizer with urea as the standard is 20kg / mu for young trees, 40kg / mu for primary fruit trees, 100kg / mu for fruit trees, timely watering to preserve soil moisture after fertilization, and young trees covering tree plates after fertilization.

3. Check to scrape and treat rot, stem ring disease and dry rot, and apply medicine to the scraped scars at intervals of one month. In the middle and last ten days of March, the whole tree was sprayed with 3-5 Bomedo stone-sulfur mixture or 500-fold solution of Shiduqing to kill the dormant individuals of red spiders, shell insects, rot, powdery mildew and other diseases and insects overwintering on the surface of the tree.