Cultivation method of open-field pepper

Pepper, alias: horned pepper, long pepper, vegetable pepper, lantern pepper, Solanaceae, pepper genus annual or limited perennial herbs. This species was originally distributed from Mexico to Columbia; it is now widely cultivated all over the world. In China, it is mainly distributed in Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, and other places. Here's how to grow chili peppers in the open field.

I. planting methods

The temperature requirement of chili is between yarrow and eggplant. The optimum temperature for seed germination was 23-30 ℃, but it could not germinate when the temperature was lower than 15 ℃. Pepper seedlings require higher temperature, low temperature and slow growth. In the early stage of flowering and fruiting, the optimum temperature was 20-25 ℃ in daytime and 15-20 ℃ at night. During the fruiting period, the soil temperature was too high, especially the strong light shining directly on the ground, which was disadvantageous to root growth, and easy to cause toxin disease and sunburn disease.

1. Soil preparation base fertilizer

Continuous cropping of chili is not allowed, nor can it be cropped with eggplant, tomato, potato, tobacco and other crops of the same family. The cultivation of pepper plots should have good drainage, convenient drainage and irrigation, and require deep ploughing. It is best to do winter ploughing, leisure permafrost, in order to improve the soil and eliminate overwintering pests and pathogen spores. Before planting, the topsoil still keeps a large amount of soil in order to breathable and cool water, which plays a good role in preventing falling flowers, falling camp and falling leaves. The requirements of vegetable farmers in Changsha for growing chili fields are "deep ditches and high beds, breaking the old bottom; flat soil, smooth flow of water". The width of the border is generally 1.3-1.7 meters (with ditches) and 2-3 rows are planted. There are also wide beds of 2.3-2.7 meters, which are planted horizontally on the border. At the same time, 50-80 kilograms of rotten barnyard manure, 15 kilograms of superphosphate and 25 kilograms of plant ash are applied per mu as base fertilizer.

two。 Sowing and raising seedlings

Nursery bed choice: the nursery bed should choose the plot with north to south back, high dryness and refreshing water, convenient water source and no eggplant crops.

Seedbed preparation: the nursery bed had better dig deep into the baked soil in the summer, and pour a layer of human and animal dung on it. After drying, cover it with a thin film to prevent the loss of fertilizer when it rains.

Sowing: before sowing, the bed soil is fully wet, fine and flat. The width of the seedbed is generally 1.5-1.7 meters. Generally do not soak the seeds to promote budding. Early-maturing species are generally sown in January, and late-maturing species are generally sown in February-March. Planting per mu requires sowing 75-120 grams.

After sowing, cover the seeds with fine soil mixed with old bran ash or coal ash, with a thickness of about 2 cm. Then watering, after receiving the water, cover the plastic film, and finally use thin bamboo poles or pieces of bamboo to form a small arch frame, about 0.5 meters high, covered with thin film, the north side of the film will be compacted with soil to protect against the wind. It is better to press the bricks on both sides so that the film can be uncovered and ventilated at any time.

Seedbed management: after sowing to before emergence, generally do not need management, found that the beginning of emergence, to immediately remove the plastic film, otherwise the formation of tall seedlings. After emergence, the film was opened at 9: 00 a.m. on a sunny day, and the film was still covered at 4: 00 p.m. Try to get some air on cloudy and rainy days. Found that the bed soil is white, seedlings wilt Yan, it needs to be watered, watering time must be at 9: 1-2: 00 in the morning. Two hours after watering, check again. If it is found that the part is still dry, replenish the water to make the seedlings grow in a consistent manner. Rainy days, frozen days should not be watered, otherwise, due to excessive humidity, bed temperature decreased, prone to disease. In snowy weather, grass windows can be covered with a layer of film, and electric lights can be installed in the bed to prevent cold and protect seedlings.

Seedling arrangement: in order to make the seedling stout and the root system developed, when two true leaves appear, the seedling should be pseudo-planted once, the plant spacing is 6-10cm, the row spacing is 12-15cm, and the seedling is watered at the same time to prevent the seedling from wilting. The preparation, requirements and management of the seedling bed are similar to the sowing bed.

3. Colonization

The suitable soil temperature for planting hot pepper is above 15 ℃. Because of the low soil temperature, slow growth and falling flowers, the pepper can not achieve the goal of early maturity. The planting distance was 40-50 cm for early-maturing varieties, 26-33 cm for plant spacing, 1-2 plants per hole, and 66-73 cm for late-maturing varieties, 50-60 cm for plant spacing, 1 plant per hole. Choose to plant in the afternoon on a sunny day, and the seedling bed needs to be watered in the morning to pull the seedlings.

4. Field management

Intermediate ploughing and weeding: after planting and surviving, ploughing once in time. The plant began to grow, focusing on ploughing once. Before the plant is closed, ploughing again. Middle ploughing combines weeding and soil cultivation.

Fertilizer and water management: after planting, it is necessary to apply seedling fertilizer on a sunny day, and the dosage should not be too much or too thick each time, otherwise it is easy to cause overgrowth and delay flowering and fruiting. When waiting for the first or second layer to bear fruit, more fertilizer should be applied to promote the growth of the fruit. After the fruit is picked, it is necessary for the soil to have sufficient fertilizer and water before the plant can grow and bear fruit normally. If it rains heavily before the soil is dry after watering, the phenomenon of fallen leaves and dead plants will be quite common, especially during the period from ups and downs to the Beginning of Autumn. Therefore, in irrigation, the irrigation time must be determined according to the weather forecast. Irrigation depth should not exceed 3/4 of the furrow, and should be carried out in the evening or early morning, and urgent irrigation and drainage.

Harvest and seed: as a fresh food, mostly harvest green fruit, but also can harvest red fruit. As a dried pepper, the red-ripe fruit must be harvested in time, otherwise the growth and fruit of the plant will be affected.

The method of remaining seed harvesting plant selection combined with fruit selection, that is, the standard plant should be affixed with a mark according to the variety characteristics in the field as the remaining seed plant. The first layer of fruit was harvested and listed as early as possible, and 2 Mel and 4 layers of fruit were left as seeds. When the fruit was red and ripe, the fruit with the characteristics of this variety was further selected. The picked fruit was spread in a cool place, ripened for 5 min for 7 days, and the seeds were cut open, dried and stored.

II. Planting and cultivation

1. Seed treatment

Seedlings are usually raised from the Spring Equinox to Qingming Festival. The seeds were exposed to the sun for 2 days to promote post-ripening, improve the germination rate and kill the germs carried on the seed surface. Or use 0.5% trisodium phosphate, or 300-400 times potassium permanganate. Or 1% thiourea soak for 20-30 minutes to kill the germs carried on the seeds. After rinsing the seed repeatedly, soak it in 25-30 degrees warm water for 8-12 hours.

2. Seedling and sowing

After the nursery bed is done, it is necessary to fill with enough bottom water, and then spray it with Luheng No. 1 3000 times for disinfection. Then sprinkle a thin layer of fine soil, sprinkle the seeds evenly on the seedling bed, cover with a layer of fine soil 0.5-1 cm thick, and finally cover the shed to keep moisturizing and warming.

3. Seedbed management

After sowing, the daytime temperature is 25-34.7 degrees, and the ground temperature is about 20 degrees. Seedlings can emerge in 6-7 days. After 70% of the seedlings arch the soil, sprinkle fine soil 0.5 cm thick to the seedling bed when there is no water on the leaf surface. In order to close the seam to preserve soil moisture and prevent seedling roots from being exposed. The seedbed should have an adequate supply of water, but it should not make the soil too wet. Pepper should be ventilated to the seedling bed when the height is 5 centimeters, and the vents should be flexibly controlled according to the seedling growth and weather temperature, and the seedlings can be prepared in the open air 10 days before planting. Seedling refinement should be carried out step by step, and must not be put in place in one step. If the seedlings grow, you can spray 500 milliliters per kilogram of paracetamol, or 5 milliliters per kilogram of metoprolol. Seedling weak yellow can be sprayed up to 2116 with foliar spraying with root irrigation belt such as virulent or Zhanling before planting, which has a better effect on preventing virus.

4. Soil preparation process

The growing period of pepper is long and its root system is weak. In order to make it blossom and bear fruit continuously, it must have good soil conditions and nutrition conditions, and the soil depth is 10-15cm before planting. The application of barnyard manure 5000kg per mu can be mixed with calcium superphosphate 15kg-20kg. Short irrigation and short row can be used as ditches to communicate with each other, so that there is no water in the field after rain.

5. Planting process

Planting at the right time to promote early rooting. Early seedling emergence is the main principle to master the planting period and post-planting management. It is appropriate for pepper to be planted in ditch or flat, cover the soil shallowly when planting, and then gradually cultivate the soil and seal the ridge. after planting, only relying on drought squatting seedlings will damage the root system, so pepper seedling stage management should be small squatting seedlings or not squatting seedlings, promote to the end.

6. Planting density

The plant type of pepper is compact and suitable for close planting. The experiment shows that close planting of pepper has great potential to increase yield, especially the green pepper which has been growing until autumn. Proper close planting is beneficial to early ridge closure, because the surface cover and shade, soil temperature and soil humidity change little, the root system will not be exposed after the rainstorm, which plays a role in promoting roots and seedlings. Generally, the production density of green pepper is 3000-4000 holes per mu (double plants), row spacing 50-60cm, plant spacing 25-30Cm. Generally, two plants or three plants and one hole are commonly used. The planting methods include large ridge single row close planting, same size ridge close planting and large ridge double row close planting, etc., all of which can obtain higher yield.

III. Management process

Pepper likes temperature, water and fertilizer, but high temperature is easy to get sick, waterlogging is easy to die seedlings, fat is easy to burn roots. There are different management requirements in different stages of the whole growth period, such as promoting root and seedling before harvest after planting, promoting seedling and attacking fruit at the beginning of harvest, and protecting root and seedling after entering high temperature season to prevent seedling failure and death. As a result, we should continue to strengthen management in the later stage to increase production and income.

1. Start the management before harvest

In this period, the ground temperature is low and the root system is weak, so it should be greatly promoted and controlled. That is, light watering, early topdressing; frequently ploughing, small squatting seedlings; slow seedling water gently watering, can be combined with a little manure, timely ploughing after watering, increasing temperature and preserving soil moisture, promoting root growth, squatting seedlings should not be too long, about 10 days, can be small watering squatting, adjust the relationship between roots and seedlings. After the end of squatting seedlings, timely watering, topdressing, increasing early yield, topdressing mainly with nitrogen fertilizer, and combined with some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to promote the health of seedlings, prevent falling flowers, and remove the side branches on the main stem under the first flower in time.

two。 Management from the first harvest period to the full fruit period

At this stage, the temperature is gradually rising, the rainfall is gradually increasing, and diseases and insect pests occur one after another, which is the key period to determine the yield. In order to prevent premature senescence, pepper should be harvested in advance, watered in time, often maintain soil moisture, promote seedlings to attack fruit, and strive to seal ridges in the high temperature season. In the full fruiting period, soil should be cultivated to protect roots before ridge sealing, and topdressing should be combined with soil cultivation.

3. High temperature season and its subsequent management

High temperature and rainy season is easy to induce virus disease, falling flowers and fruits seriously, sometimes a large number of leaves. Therefore, the high temperature and drought years must be irrigated at the beginning of the drought period, but not at the end of the drought period, always keep the soil moist and inhibit the occurrence and development of virus diseases. It is necessary to apply a small amount of chemical fertilizer to protect seedlings after rain and timely irrigation to prevent the peak of viral disease caused by drought after the rainy season. The hot season should be irrigated in the morning and evening. Spraying 8-1000 times of Daizhuangsu for 3-4 times in full bloom has a better effect on flower protection and yield increase.

4. Management in the later stage of fruit shrinkage

After the high temperature and rainy season, when the temperature turns cool and the green pepper plants return to normal growth, we must strengthen management, promote the formation of the second peak fruiting period, increase late yield, timely watering, combined with watering and applying quick-acting fertilizers to supplement the lack of soil nutrition.

5. Harvest

In general, 2-3 weeks after flower fade, the fruit can be picked when the fruit is fully expanded and the color is green, and it can also be picked when the fruit turns yellow or red and mature. Pay attention to picking as many times as possible, with the stalk picked together, leaving more fruit on the plant, can increase the yield.

Fourth, pay attention to the main points

1. The seedling age of spring pepper is about 110 days, and some can reach more than 150 days. In the north, it can only be planted in mid-April and late May. Pepper itself is high and stable, but the decrease in yield in some places is due to the degradation of varieties. The disease resistance is poor and the disease is serious, so the planting plot should choose the spring white land where eggplant fruits and vegetables and cucumbers and yellow tobacco have not been planted in recent years. The plot that has just harvested the overwintering spinach is not good either. About 7 days before planting, 5000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer, 75 kg of superphosphate and 30 kg of ammonia bicarbonate were applied per mu, ditched according to 70 cm row spacing, leveled, ridged and covered with plastic film to wait for planting. It can be planted at a distance of 30 centimeters, with two open seedlings adjacent to each other, one in each hole. 2500-3000 points per 667m2.

two。 The period from planting to fruiting is the early stage of pepper field management, which should promote root, seedling and growth. Attention should be paid to watering and mid-ploughing. After 15 days of planting, 10 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 5 kg of urea should be applied, and the height of soil should be 10-13 cm, so as to protect the root system from lodging. After entering the full fruit period, the focus of management is to strengthen seedlings and promote fruit. The door pepper should be removed in time to prevent the decline of the fruit caused by the fall of the fruit. Combined with watering and fertilization, 20 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 5 kg of urea were applied every 667 square meters, and the roots were cultivated again. Pay attention to drainage and waterlogging prevention. Foliar fertilizers and hormones should be sprayed together to supplement nutrients and prevent viruses.

3. Pepper is sensitive to many kinds of herbicides during its growing period, especially 2Jing 4D EC. Improper spraying of pesticides will cause serious drug damage to pepper.