Yu Kangzhen: carry on the past and forge ahead into the future and take advantage of the opportunity to promote grassland protection and construction

China's grassland is nearly 6 billion mu, accounting for about 2% of the land area. Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China, and it is also the important material basis for the development of grassland animal husbandry and the main basis for increasing the income of herdsmen. It plays an important role in the construction of ecological civilization, economic and social development, maintaining border stability and maintaining national unity.

The grassland work of the "12th five-year Plan" has achieved remarkable results and outstanding highlights.

Closely centering on the overall situation of the work of "three lives" and "three animal husbandry", the grassland policy of the "12th five-year Plan" has made continuous efforts, and established a new policy of "organic integration of production ecology and ecological priority". A series of new grassland policies centered on grassland ecological protection awards have been implemented, and new grassland laws and regulations represented by judicial interpretation have been introduced and implemented at the same time. China's grassland law enforcement supervision work has also reached a new level, the construction of grassland law enforcement and supervision capacity has been continuously improved, and the investigation and handling of grassland illegal cases have been continuously strengthened.

The years since the 12th five-year Plan is the period of the greatest intensity of grassland ecological protection and construction, the fastest period of transformation and development of grassland animal husbandry, and the period of the largest increase in the income of herdsmen. It is mainly shown in four aspects.

First, the implementation of various systems on the grasslands will be accelerated. Under the promotion of the new grassland policy, the pace of implementation of various systems such as grassland contracting, basic grassland protection, grass-livestock balance, ban and suspension of grazing has been significantly accelerated. Up to now, the country has contracted a total of 4.25 billion mu of grasslands, accounting for 72.3% of the country's grassland area.

Second, the restoration of grassland ecological environment will be accelerated. In 2014, the overloading rate of livestock in the country's key natural grasslands was 15.2 percent, down 14.8 percentage points from 2010. The decline in livestock carrying capacity has enabled most of the grasslands to recuperate. In 2014, the comprehensive vegetation coverage of grasslands across the country was 53.6 percent, which has been maintained at more than 50 percent for four consecutive years. The country's total output of fresh grass on natural grasslands is 1.02 billion tons, exceeding the 1 billion-ton mark for four consecutive years.

Third, the development mode of grassland animal husbandry has been accelerated. In accordance with the idea of "determining livestock with grass, increasing grass and livestock, raising in captivity, relying on science and technology, speeding up fencing, and ensuring supply", various localities in pastoral areas vigorously develop modern grassland animal husbandry on the premise of protecting grassland ecology. With the expansion of the planting scale of artificial forage grassland and the implementation of house feeding and semi-house feeding in captivity, moderate scale standardized farming in pastoral areas has developed rapidly.

Fourth, the income of herdsmen has increased steadily. During the 12th five-year Plan period, the grassland bonus policy has an average of 13.93 billion yuan directly subsidized to herdsmen every year, which has become the main source of transfer income in the per capita income of herdsmen.

The New situation and New tasks facing the grassland work during the 13th five-year Plan

The 13th five-year Plan is not only the key five years for building an ecological civilization and building a moderately prosperous society, but also a five-year period for tackling key problems. In recent years, the overall grassland ecology has improved, but the overall deterioration of the national grassland ecology has not been fundamentally reversed, the area of moderately and severely degraded grasslands still accounts for more than 1 / 3, and the grassland ecosystem as a whole is still unstable. The restored grassland ecological environment is still fragile.

First, the task of improving the level of management and utilization of grassland resources is arduous. China is a large country in grassland area, but it is not a powerful country in the utilization of grassland resources. From the perspective of per capita resources, resource distribution and utilization, utilization mode, carrying capacity level and management mode, the level of management and utilization of grassland resources in China still needs to be gradually improved.

Second, the task of consolidating the achievements of grassland ecological environment construction is arduous. With the advance of industrialization and urbanization, grasslands are overutilized and underprotected, and the overloading rate of livestock is still more than 15%. Nearly 1% of the grasslands have not been recuperated, and the degradation, desertification and soil erosion of grasslands are still serious. sandstorms and other natural disasters and pest biological disasters occur frequently, and grassland destruction phenomena such as overgrazing, indiscriminate reclamation, indiscriminate mining and digging in some areas have been banned repeatedly.

Third, it is an arduous task to promote the transformation and development of grassland animal husbandry and increase the income of herdsmen. The economic structure of pastoral areas is single, the channels for increasing the income of herdsmen are narrow, and the per capita annual income of herdsmen is less than 80% of the average level of farmers. As the main source of income for herdsmen, the development of grassland animal husbandry is faced with the dual challenges of lack of forage and low level.

Fourth, the task of vigorously promoting grass control according to law is arduous. China's grassland laws and regulations system is not perfect, supporting departmental rules are not perfect, local supporting laws and regulations are very uneven among regions, mostly concentrated in pastoral provinces and regions, few in southern provinces and regions. With a small number of grassland supervisors, low quality and poor equipment, there is a long way to go to further consolidate and improve the level of grass management according to law.

The basic thinking and key work Plan of grassland work during the 13th five-year Plan

The basic idea of grassland work during the 13th five-year Plan is to continue to follow the requirements of "protecting the ecological environment is protecting the productive forces, improving the ecological environment is developing the productive forces", following the basic principle of "organic combination of production and ecology and giving priority to ecology first". Adhere to protection first, prevention first, system control, key management and bottom line thinking. We will fully implement the policy of subsidy and incentive mechanism for grassland ecological protection, thoroughly implement grassland protection and construction projects, establish and improve the management and protection system of grasslands, strive to protect and restore the grassland ecological environment, and promote the development of grass and animal husbandry in an all-round way.

By 2020, the comprehensive coverage of grassland vegetation will reach more than 56%, the total output of fresh grass in natural grassland will be stable at more than 1 billion tons, the reserved bed area of high-quality artificial grassland will reach 170 million mu, and the systems of grassland contracting, no grazing and grass-livestock balance will be basically implemented. Grassland ecology has stepped into a virtuous circle. The output of beef and mutton in pastoral areas reached 6.5 million tons, accounting for 50 percent of the country's total output, and the proportion of large-scale breeding of beef, beef and sheep exceeded 40 percent. The coverage rate of improved breeds of grassland animal husbandry, the rate of livestock production and the ability to prevent and reduce disasters have been significantly improved. Great progress has been made in the construction of modern grassland animal husbandry. Focus on the following five areas of work:

(1) to stabilize and improve the grassland bonus policy. During the 13th five-year Plan period, the grassland subsidy policy will continue to be implemented and strengthened. In accordance with the requirements of "not reducing the intensity of ecological protection, not lowering the level of compensation for herdsmen, strengthening support for grassland management and protection and the transformation of grassland animal husbandry, and strengthening performance evaluation", we should take into account such factors as grassland area, forage yield and beef and mutton price increase, and appropriately raise the award standard. We will increase support for the transformation and upgrading of the pastoral industry and increase the policy income of herdsmen.

(2) continue to implement the project of ecological restoration of grasslands. We will adhere to the combination of engineering measures with natural restoration, key breakthroughs with surface management, and strengthen the construction of projects such as returning grazing to grassland, the control of wind and sand source grasslands in Beijing and Tianjin, the management of stony desert grasslands in karst areas, and a new round of returning farmland to forests and grasslands, and strive to constantly improve the construction contents and improve the construction standards. Comprehensive use of "retreat, encirclement, planting, management" and other means to strengthen the control of grassland "black soil beach" and degraded grassland, promote the ecological restoration of grassland, enrich the biodiversity of natural grassland, stabilize the total output of fresh grass, and constantly improve the production capacity of grassland ecological products.

(3) solidly promote the development of grass and animal husbandry. Strengthen the infrastructure construction of grass and animal husbandry, vigorously develop artificial recommendation, strengthen the expansion and reproduction of basic female livestock, promote the matching of improved breeds and methods, speed up turnover, develop an appropriate scale of operation, and innovate the development model of grass and animal husbandry according to local conditions. We will actively cultivate new business entities, enhance the integration of production, processing and marketing, and promote the rational distribution of interests in breeding, processing, circulation and other links. We will support the development of the circulation of agricultural products such as direct marketing, distribution and e-commerce, and encourage operators to develop characteristic industries that embody grassland culture and ethnic customs.

(4) actively and steadily promote the determination of grassland contracting rights. We will explore and improve the informationized and standardized grassland contract management model and operation mechanism, standardize the circulation of grassland contractual management rights, encourage the transfer of grassland contractual management rights to professional large households, family pastures, herdsmen cooperatives and animal husbandry enterprises in the open market, and allow herdsmen to take shares in the contracted management rights to develop animal husbandry industrialization. We will improve a reasonable, standardized and diversified barrier protection system for herdsmen in expropriated grasslands, increase the distribution proportion of herdsmen in land value-added income, protect the distribution right of collective economic income of herdsmen, and increase their property income.

(5) continue to strengthen grass control according to law. We will step up efforts to revise the grassland Law and add systems such as the protection of the red line of grassland ecology, the control of the property rights and uses of grassland resources assets, the outgoing audit of grassland resources assets, the investigation of liability for damage to grassland resources, and grassland ecological compensation. We will strengthen the grassland supervision system and the building of the contingent of village-level grassland managers and guards, intensify the investigation and handling of grassland violations, and severely crack down on and expose crimes that destroy grasslands.

Grassland is the main battlefield for the construction of ecological civilization in China, and pastoral areas are the main position for maintaining stability and harmony. The task of strengthening the protection of grasslands and building a beautiful China during the 13th five-year Plan is very arduous. The broad masses of prairie people must further strengthen their sense of enterprise, opportunity, and responsibility, bear in mind their mission and responsibility, resolutely protect every piece of grassland that should be protected, and earnestly build every piece of grassland that should be constructed. we will promote the construction of grassland protection to a new level.