Technical guidance on wheat planting in autumn and winter in 2015 and 2016

Huang-Huai and northern winter wheat area

(1) preparation before broadcast

1. Variety selection

Suitable varieties are selected according to local climate, soil, soil fertility, planting system, yield level, diseases and insect pests and so on. One is the selection of seeds due to heaven. According to the temperature conditions, winter and semi-winter varieties are selected, cross-regional planting and selection of unapproved varieties are strictly prohibited, winter varieties are strictly selected in the northern winter wheat region, and winter semi-winter varieties are selected in Huang-Huai winter wheat area. The second is the selection of seeds because of the land. Fertilizer-resistant and lodging-resistant varieties with high yield potential were selected in high-yield fields with good fertilizer and water conditions. Drought-tolerant, water-saving and stable yield varieties were selected in water shortage areas. Drought-resistant and barren-tolerant varieties were selected in dry and thin land. Drought-resistant and fertilizer-tolerant varieties were selected in the dry and fertile land with thicker soil layer and higher fertility. The third is seed selection due to system. Wheat-cotton intercropping requires that wheat varieties are suitable for late sowing and early maturity, so as to shorten the symbiotic period of wheat and cotton, shorter plants, compact plant type and strong edge dominance, so as to make full use of light energy and improve photosynthetic efficiency. Fourth, seed selection due to disaster. In areas with heavy dry and hot wind, varieties with appropriate prematurity, resistance to premature senility and resistance to wilt should be selected to avoid or reduce the harm of dry and hot wind. Fifth, seed selection due to illness. Varieties resistant to rust should be selected in areas with serious rust infection, while varieties resistant to moisture, scab and long dormancy period should be selected in areas with too much precipitation and serious waterlogging. Sixth, seed selection according to quality. Select high-quality varieties with good nutritional quality, processing quality in line with the requirements of finished products, full grains and high bulk density. Seventh, strict introduction and replacement. Change new varieties according to the change of production conditions and increase yield, prevent a large number of introduction, adjustment and frequent replacement of improved varieties without experimentation; while planting main varieties, pay attention to actively introducing new varieties for experiment and demonstration, and do a good job in seed reproduction, determine "succession" varieties, and maintain the quality of seeds used in production.

two。 Seed treatment

Strengthen the treatment of wheat seeds, do a good job of seed coating or chemical seed dressing, reduce the incidence of autumn seedlings, depress the source of overwintering bacteria, control the harm of underground pests at seedling stage, and postpone the incidence of wheat stripe rust, powdery mildew, sheath blight and other diseases. According to the disease resistance, disease degree, climatic conditions and cultivation methods of wheat varieties in different places, the fungicides were selected reasonably. Strictly apply the amount of medicine used in seed dressing, prohibit excessive use of medicine; sow seeds immediately after seed dressing, mix and use now, and finish sowing on the same day; appropriately increase the amount of seeds used after seed dressing.

3. Straw returning to field

The corn straw should be crushed and returned to the field, and the length of ≤ should be 7cm, which should be scattered evenly on the surface. To turn the crushed straw into the ground, if the deep loosening technology is adopted, the straw must be cut into the soil layer, the rotary tillage depth is more than 15 cm, and the straw should be irrigated firmly after returning to the field, and rake pressure in time if the soil moisture is suitable.

4. Deep ploughing (deep loosening) rake pressure

Deep ploughing 23 cm 25 cm and then rake pressure, or deep loosen 30 cm 35 cm and then rotary ploughing Harrow pressure, in order to break the bumpy, solid soil, conducive to root system tie, prevent ventilation to run away moisture, and keep the seedlings safe through the winter. The effect of deep ploughing or subsoiling can last for 2 years, 1 year deep ploughing or subsoiling, and rotary ploughing and soil preparation within 2-3 years. Deep ploughing and deep loosening of dry land leisure wheat fields should be carried out in early July, which is beneficial to storing soil moisture in rain and raking before sowing.

5. Watering to make soil moisture

Persist in sowing seeds in sufficient moisture to ensure that the whole seedling is sown. When the relative water content of the 0-40 cm soil layer is less than 75%, the soil moisture should be made before sowing. It is necessary to hoe the wheat fields that cannot produce soil moisture in time and irrigate the head water after sowing, so as to prevent soil cracks and reduce the loss of soil moisture.

6. Application of base fertilizer

Soil testing formula fertilization, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, supplementary application of trace element fertilizer. High-yield fields use nitrogen fertilizer backward technology, nitrogen fertilizer base application and topdressing each 50%, all other fertilizers are applied at the bottom. According to the production experience, the reference values of suitable fertilizer application amount for different soil fertility levels are as follows: pure nitrogen (N) 6kg per mu, phosphorus (P2O5) 3kg, potassium (K2O) 2kg per mu, all N, P and K fertilizers are 10kg / mu, 10kg / mu, 4kg / mu, 6kg / mu, 5kg / mu, 5kg / mu, 4kg / mu, 4kg / mu, 6kg / mu, 6kg / mu, 4kg / mu, 6kg / mu With a yield of 400kg / mu and 500kg / mu, pure nitrogen (N) 12kg / mu, phosphorus (P2O5) 6kg / mu, potassium (K2O) 5kg / mu, nitrogen fertilizer 60% bottom application, 40% topdressing at jointing stage, phosphate and potassium fertilizer were all applied at the bottom; 14,16kg of pure nitrogen (N), 7kg of phosphorus (P2O5), 6kg of potassium (K2O), 50% of nitrogen fertilizer and 50% of phosphate and potassium fertilizer were applied in super high-yield fields with a yield of more than 500kg per mu.

(2) sowing seeds

7. Suitable sowing time

The daily average temperature for general winter varieties and semi-winter varieties is 16-18 ℃ and 14-16 ℃ respectively. In order to cultivate strong seedlings before winter, winter and semi-winter varieties should ensure that the effective accumulated temperature before winter reaches 550-600 ℃, and weather conditions, fertility level, diseases and insect pests and safe overwintering should be taken into account. In general, the suitable sowing time is from the end of September to the first ten days of October in the northern winter wheat region, from October 5 to 15 in the north and middle of Huang Huai winter wheat region, and from October 10 to 20 in the south of Huang Huai winter wheat region.

8. Reasonable sowing rate

Reasonable sowing rate and suitable basic seedling number are not only the starting point for establishing high-quality population, but also an important measure to build a reasonable population structure and coordinate the relationship between population and individual, wheat growth and development and environmental conditions. The principles to be mastered are as follows: first, the varieties with strong tillering ability and high panicle rate should appropriately reduce the sowing rate. Second, sowing sooner or later, the sowing amount of early sowing is appropriately less, and the sowing amount of late sowing is appropriately increased. Third, the soil fertility level, the basic seedlings with better soil fertilizer and water conditions should be rare, and the sowing rate should be less. In general, the basic seedlings per mu in the northern winter wheat area is 20 ~ 300000, the northern and central Huang-Huai winter wheat region is 15 ~ 250000, and the southern Huang-Huai area is 15 ~ 180000. When the daily average temperature of sowing is lower than 15 ℃, the basic seedling will increase by about 10 000 per day, but it should not exceed 350000 at most. 9. Fine sowing

Sow seeds with wheat planters that meet the requirements and quality, and determine the suitable row spacing according to the actual situation in various places, so that the row spacing is the same, the sowing amount is accurate, the depth is the same, the sowing depth is 3-5 cm, and there is no missed sowing and no replay.

10. Post-broadcast suppression

The seeder with ballast should be pressed with sowing, and the seeder without ballast should be suppressed with ballast after sowing. It is necessary to ensure the intensity of suppression, ensure the quality of suppression, stabilize the soil, reduce the loss of soil moisture in the field, promote the growth of wheat seedlings, cultivate strong seedlings before winter, and expand the proportion of strong seedlings.

(3) pre-winter management

11. Pour water over the winter

For wheat fields that lack moisture and straw returning, rotary tillage and sowing, and wheat fields where the soil is not solid, it is necessary to timely pour over-winter water to ensure safe survival of seedlings. The winter irrigation time is generally carried out when the daily average temperature is stable at 3: 4 ℃ and the water can infiltrate in time, and it is completed before the heavy freezing. Advocate water-saving irrigation, prohibit flood irrigation, hoe in time after irrigation, loosen the soil to preserve soil moisture, prevent surface cracking, and prevent ventilation from damaging roots and seedlings. For wheat fields with suitable soil moisture, high quality of soil preparation, sufficient bottom fertilizer, normal growth and suitable population, overwintering water can not be irrigated before winter. For wheat fields without watering conditions, it is necessary to hoe and preserve soil moisture in time after each rainfall.

twelve。 Chemical weeding

In recent years, the malignant weeds of Gramineae have a gradual development trend, which has a great influence on the yield of wheat. it is necessary to control spring grass in autumn and chemical weeding in autumn, generally from mid-November to early December, wheat with 3 leaves and 4 leaves, and weeds from 2 leaves and 1 heart to 3 leaves. Control wild oats, Aegilops tauschii, ryegrass and other Gramineae weeds. Spray the leaves with 6.9% Puma EC 40ml 60ml plus water 30kg per mu. To control Aegilops tauschii and brome, use 30 grams of 3% Shima or 3.6% Koushima 20 grams per mu, and spray 30 kg of water. To control broad-leaved weeds such as Artemisia annua, shepherd's purse, pig calamity, etc., use 75% benzenesulfuron dry suspension 1.0g / mu, or 10g / mu benzenesulfuron wettable powder 10g, or 20% make it EC 50g 60ml plus water 30kg 40kg, spray evenly. To control alkali fescue and hard grass, spray with 25% isoproturon wettable powder 200g / mu and 20kg water per mu after wheat emergence.

13. Prevention and control of diseases and pests

For wheat fields that are seriously harmful to grubs, golden needles and other underground pests, each mu is irrigated with 50% phoxim EC 500 ml plus 750 kg water, or 50% phoxim EC or 48% chlorpyrifos EC 250 kg 300 ml, mixed with water 10 times, mixed with fine soil 40 kg and 50 kg, combined with hoeing and applied into the soil. Wheat black leaf miner occurs in serious wheat fields, using 40% omethoate 80 ml per mu, adding 4.5% cypermethrin 30 ml, adding water 40% 50 kg spray, or spraying with 1% avermectin 3000 × 4000 times liquid to treat both wheat aphids and red spiders. To control wheat sheath blight, 12.5% uniconazole wettable powder 20g 30g, or 15% triadimefon wettable powder 100g, 50 kg of water were sprayed evenly per mu. Wheat cyst nematode occurred in serious fields, with 5% of line enemy granules 3.7 kg per mu, spread along the ridge in the seedling stage, and timely watering to improve the control effect.

14. It is strictly forbidden to eat green.

It is necessary to strengthen the management and protection of wheat fields before winter, take good care of livestock and poultry, put an end to the gnawing of livestock and poultry, and ensure the normal growth of wheat seedlings and safe passage through the winter.

Winter wheat area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

(1) preparation before broadcast

1. Variety selection

The varieties with high yield, high quality and strong resistance to moisture, lodging and disease (mainly scab, powdery mildew and sheath blight) were selected. Spring varieties were selected in the south of the wheat region in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and semi-winter varieties were selected in the north. two。 Seed treatment

Seed dressing with 2% tebuconazole suspension, 1520 grams per 10 kg seed and 0.5 kg water, can treat both soil-borne and seed-borne diseases such as sheath blight and total erosion disease. Early sowing wheat seeds can be mixed or soaked with chemical control agents such as paclobutrazol, which can play the role of dwarfing and increasing tillers, controlling growth and promoting strength. It is appropriate to soak seeds with 1 gram 15% paclobutrazol powder mixed with 1 kg wheat seed or 100m 150 mg / L paclobutrazol solution. Attention should be paid to mixing the seeds well to prevent the local dosage from being too large and affecting the growth of wheat seedlings.

3. Straw returning to field

Rice should control the last water supply time, cut off water 7-10 days before harvest, create good soil moisture conditions for wheat sowing, harvest in time after maturity, and prevent excessive "old-age rice". When harvesting rice, the stubble height is less than 10 cm, the straw is chopped up to about 5 cm, and spread evenly. The straw should be returned to the field by deep rotation (or deep ploughing) before sowing, and the depth of rotary tillage should be at least 12 cm (preferably 15 cm) to prevent straw from enriching in the sowing layer.

4. Application of base fertilizer

Weak gluten wheat generally applied pure nitrogen (N) 1214 kg per mu, and the ratio of base fertilizer: balance fertilizer (main stem 3-4 leaf stage) and jointing fertilizer (inverted 3 leaves) was 7:1:2. Medium gluten wheat generally applies pure nitrogen (N) 1416kg per mu. In large-scale production, the ratio of basal fertilizer: strong tiller fertilizer (or balance fertilizer): jointing fertilizer is 5:1:4, high-yield field basal fertilizer: strong tiller fertilizer (or balanced fertilizer, main stem 3 to 4 leaf stage): jointing fertilizer (inverted third leaf application): booting fertilizer (flag leaf extraction half application) ratio is 51V 1V 2V 2. According to the basic soil fertility level, the ratio of N, P and K of medium gluten and weak gluten wheat was 1: (0.4 ~ 0.6): (0.4 ~ 0.6), and the suitable ratio of P and K was base fertilizer: jointing fertilizer 5:5. General base fertilizer can be used urea (containing 46% N) 5 kg, 45% compound fertilizer (N, P2O5, K2O content is 15%) 15 kg.

(2) sowing seeds

5. Suitable sowing time

In order to ensure that wheat seedlings form suitable age strong seedlings (5-6 leaves of main stem, 3 tillers per plant and 3-5 secondary roots) at the beginning of overwintering, the accumulated temperature from 0 ℃ to overwintering stage is more than 500,550 ℃, and the suitable sowing time in this area is from late October to early November.

6. Reasonable sowing rate

The basic seedlings per mu of wheat fields suitable for sowing in this area are 12-160000 per mu. Increase the sowing rate later than the appropriate sowing date, increase the basic seedlings by 5000 per day per night, and no more than 80 per cent of the expected number of panicles.

7. Fine sowing

The wheat fields with early harvest, timely stubble, suitable soil moisture (soil water content less than 80% of the field capacity) and good soil ploughing state can use 2BG6A and other less (free) strip planters to complete the processes of shallow rotation, slotting, sowing, soil covering, suppression and so on. Sowing depth 2-3 cm, row spacing 25 cm, driving at medium speed, ensure uniform seed drop, match the joint between the two trips, avoid replay or enlarge the line spacing, and avoid seed accumulation when stopped in the field. Leave a gap at both ends of the field to facilitate the turning of the fuselage, and finally replant the empty space at both ends, and replant the dead corners that cannot be sown by the machine or replant them manually or after emergence. When the soil water content reaches more than 80% of the field capacity, the newly improved strip sowing machine should be used to prevent blockage of the seed discharge mouth, lack of seedlings and broken ridges.

8. Post-broadcast suppression

The seeder with ballast should be pressed with sowing, and the seeder without ballast should be suppressed with ballast after sowing to ensure the quality of suppression.

9. Mechanical trenching

Timely mechanical trenching after sowing, digging a vertical trench every 2.5 to 3 meters, with a width of 20 centimeters and a depth of 25 centimeters. A horizontal ditch is dug 2 to 3 meters away from the horizontal ridge at both ends of the field, and a waist trench is opened every 50 meters in the longer field, with a width of 20 centimeters and a depth of 35 centimeters. The field head outlet ditch is required to be 25 centimeters wide and 40 centimeters deep. To ensure that the internal and external trenches are connected, pay attention to evenly scatter ditch mud, cover wheat ridges, reduce seed exposure, and protect seedlings from freezing.