What is the secret of high yield in sugarcane cultivation?

Sugarcane is a temperate and tropical crop and the raw material for the manufacture of sucrose. At present, China has high support for sugarcane planting, so the sugarcane market is good and the market enthusiasm is high. So what is the secret of high yield in sugarcane cultivation?

I. Land selection and land preparation

In the process of sugarcane cultivation, the demand for soil environment is very high. In general, in the process of sugarcane cultivation, we choose fertile land with convenient drainage and irrigation, sufficient light and leeward, which is beneficial to the growth of sugarcane and improve the yield and quality of sugarcane. Thus, the economic benefit of growers is improved.

Sugarcane is cultivated by deep ploughing. Use a rotary tiller to smash the soil of the whole land and the original sugarcane grade; use a high-powered tractor to carry out deep ploughing, usually with a depth of 50cm; and then use a rotary tiller to smash the soil. so that the soil to be planted with sugarcane becomes sufficiently combed and crushed. The leveling of the slope is carried out according to the contour line to prevent the loss of soil and nutrients due to Rain Water's erosion.

Second, apply sufficient base fertilizer

The base fertilizer should be mainly organic fertilizer such as compost, ash manure and soil fertilizer, combined with phosphate fertilizer and appropriate amount of available nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. The application rate of base fertilizer generally accounts for 60%-70% of the total fertilizer application. Organic fertilizer is generally 1500kg-2500kg per mu, calcium is about 30kg per mu, potash fertilizer is 10kg-15kg, and more fertilizer can be applied if the fertilizer is sufficient. The application of organic fertilizer as base fertilizer has a very good effect on increasing yield and improving soil.

In the application method, half of the fertilizer was applied in the planting ditch and mixed with the soil before sowing, and half of the sugarcane seeds were covered. Those with less fertilizer should be used as cover after planting. In order to give full play to the role of base fertilizer, organic fertilizer was mixed well with phosphate fertilizer before application, and then mixed well with potash fertilizer before use. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is mainly used as base fertilizer, because it has little mobility in the soil and needs to be close to the root to be easily absorbed. Phosphorus fertilizer has a great effect on the tillering of sugarcane seedlings, and the potassium absorbed in the early stage of sugarcane plant can be transferred to the middle and later growth, so early application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be emphasized.

3. Selection of species

In the process of sugarcane cultivation, seed selection is generally carried out according to the water and fertilizer of the soil. Taiwan Sugar 22 is generally selected for planting in dry sloping land, while Yuetang 93Compare 159 or Yuetang 00Compare 236 is selected for some lands with better water and fertilizer conditions. In addition, in the process of seed selection, the tail stem below egg yolk 40cm is generally selected as sugarcane species. Mainly due to fewer diseases and insect pests, good bud vitality, not easy to rot in drought or low temperature, sugarcane emergence early, uniform, strong, easy to obtain high yield.

IV. Sugarcane seed treatment

Seed drying: seed drying is only suitable for fresh shoots with high water content. The aim is to increase the temperature of sugarcane seed, accelerate the activity of enzymes in sugarcane seed, and strengthen the water absorption capacity of sugarcane seed. (methods: peel off the old leaf sheath, leave the tender leaf sheath, then spread the ground and bask for half a day. )

1. Cut down the seed

Cut the cane into two buds with a sharp knife and cut it straight without breaking. For the germination ability of sugarcane buds, the buds with fully developed tip were the strongest, the middle was the second, and the base was the weakest. At present, tip planting is mostly used in production. For the number of buds in sugarcane section, it is better to use double-bud seeds, because double-bud seedlings have a complete Internode, both ends are in contact with the soil during planting, have strong water absorption, are easy to germinate, sprout neatly, and the top is too tender or dense. 3-5 buds can be used as a section. 3 bud segments can be used in areas where the next species often encounter drought, so that intermediate buds or terminal buds can develop into seedlings. Because of the large incision and easy infection of pineapple disease, single bud seedlings are generally not used in production, but only when accelerating the propagation of improved varieties.

2. Soaking seeds

Soak the seeds in clear water and soak the sugarcane seeds in flowing water for 2-3 days (if there is no flowing water, soak in clear water, but change the water frequently). Seed soaking can germinate 3-5 days faster than not soaking seeds.

3. Soaking seeds in lime water

Soak the seeds with 2% fresh lime water (100kg of fresh water to 2kg of high-quality lime), the time varies with the tender degree of sugarcane and the temperature, the tip seedlings are soaked for 12 hours, the older middle and lower parts of sugarcane are soaked for 24 hours, the soaking time is shorter when the temperature is higher (more than 25 ℃), the temperature is lower, and the soaking time can be longer. The effect of soaking seeds in lime water is better than that in clear water.

4. Disinfection

After the sugarcane seed is chopped, the incision is easy to be invaded by pineapple disease and red rot, resulting in rotten buds and rotten seeds, so it needs to be disinfected. Disinfection with 50% carbendazim or benzoate or topzine, 100 grams to 100 kg of water, soaking seeds for 10 minutes, or 50% benzoylammonium 50 grams to 200 kilograms of water for 5 minutes, the control effect is very significant.

5. Sprouting

Because the temperature in early spring is low and the germination time of sugarcane species is long, the method of accelerating germination can accelerate the germination of sugarcane buds, the germination is neat and the germination rate is high. For the varieties with low germination rate, the effect is particularly significant. The principle of promoting bud is to promote the bud to swell slightly and the root does not germinate or rarely germinate. At present, two methods of accumulation heat preservation and composting are generally used in production.

V. planting methods of sugarcane

Planting time: sugarcane began to root at 10 ℃ and germinated at 13 ℃. Therefore, sugarcane can be planted when the soil temperature is above 10 ℃. Generally early planting at the right time, prolonging the growth period, and higher yield.

The next method: when planting, the seedlings should be laid flat with the buds on both sides, and the phenomenon of "bridging" and "heaven and earth buds" should not appear. The double lines are arranged in zigzag shape, with a small line spacing of about 15 centimeters. The distance between the top of the two seedlings depends on the length of the seedling nodes and the number of seeds sown.

VI. Field management

1. Check and replenish seedlings

It is necessary to replenish seedlings where there are more than 40 centimeters of broken seedlings, and the source of sugarcane seedlings can adopt the method of preparing seedlings, that is, raising seedlings at the edge of the ground at the same time of planting, or raising seedlings with thin film or bag bowl. The preparation seedlings generally account for about 5% of the total seed amount, and it is appropriate to replenish the seedlings when the sugarcane seedlings have 3 or 4 leaves, choose to replenish them after rain or when the soil moisture is good, and drench the root water.

2. Apply fertilizer to attack seedlings

When sugarcane seedlings have two leaves, urea 5kg / mu, it is best to apply 500kg / mu feces of acquaintances, pay attention to more application of weak seedlings, in order to achieve uniform and strong seedlings. For example, when there is a lack of phosphorus and potash fertilizer in the base fertilizer, it is appropriate to apply it at this time and cultivate the soil thinly after application.

3. Ploughing and weeding

The growth of the aboveground part is slow at the seedling stage, and the wide row spacing makes it easy to grow weeds, so it should be ploughed and weeded 1 or 2 times in time, and it is better to control the weeds when they have 3 or 4 leaves. In order to reduce workload, chemical herbicides can also be applied.

4. Drought prevention and waterlogging prevention

In case of drought in the seedling stage, if possible, horse water should be irrigated or drenched to fight drought. Ploughing and loosening the soil after rain is also an effective way to conserve water and resist drought. When there is stagnant water in sugarcane field, the stem before emergence is easy to be infected with pineapple disease, causing rotten seed and rotten bud. After emergence, the root system is underdeveloped, the sugarcane seedlings turn yellow, and even the rotten roots die. Therefore, it must be drained and waterproof.

5. Interplanting green manure

With wide interrow width and late closure, sugarcane can plant green manure as early as possible, which can not only improve the soil, improve soil fertility, but also inhibit the growth of weeds, prevent drought and conserve water, and help to increase sugarcane production. Intercropping should choose suitable green manure crops to reduce the competition for sunshine with sugarcane. Because sugarcane is sensitive to sunlight, if it is shaded in the early stage, the seedlings will be weak and the tillers will be significantly reduced. Generally speaking, the green manure with short growth, upright, short growth period, easy to rot after pressing green, containing more nutrients and high yield of stems and leaves is better, among which leguminous green manure is better, such as mung bean and soybean.

6. Pest control

Sugarcane pests are mainly caused by sugarcane borer, sugarcane turtle, thrips and cotton aphids. It can be combined with 4kg carbofuran per mu when topdressing and cultivating soil at the peak tillering stage. For the prevention and control of cotton aphids, to eliminate the early hair insect center in time, 40% dimethoate emulsion can be used to flush water 800-1000 times spray can also control thrips and other pests.

VII. Harvesting and storage

1. Harvest

The harvesting of sugarcane must be cut in a planned way, so as to ensure the freshness of sugarcane, and reasonable arrangements should be made according to different varieties and planting periods and different ripening periods of sugarcane. Planting sugarcane in autumn, planting sugarcane in winter and spring, harvesting sugarcane in winter and spring, harvesting sugarcane first in dry land, harvesting in river bar land and paddy field.

For the harvest method, it is recommended to use small hoe and low cut. For example, if the high-cultivated soil is prepared to stay in the root sugarcane, the thick soil layer should be cut properly, and the low-cutting sugarcane pile is about 10-15 cm; those who do not leave the rootless sugarcane can dig up the whole sugarcane stalk, then cut off the sugarcane root, soil and leaves, cut it off about 10 centimeters below the growing point of the sugarcane tip, pile it neatly, and tie it up with bamboo slices. Small hoe low cutting is not only high efficiency, but also does not cut the head of sugarcane, which is beneficial to perennial roots, and can harvest more than 150,200kg of sugarcane per mu.

2. Storage

Generally use tip seedlings as seeds, cut off the growth point, leave the top seedlings about 70 cm long, remove leaves and leave sheath buds, then tie them into bundles according to the head and tail, the lower end is neatly organized, choose a cool and humid place with the back to the sun, shovel and loosen the topsoil, and put the sugarcane seeds vertically and neatly, each pile is about 1000 to 1500 kilograms, the lower part touches the ground moist loose soil, around with broken soil to cover about 1x3 of the sugarcane seed height, and sprinkles the broken soil in the gaps of the sugarcane bushes. Covered with sugarcane leaves and covered with mud to prevent wind blowing, it can be kept for a month or two. this method is called open-field storage.