Experience and Enlightenment of Agricultural Development in mountainous areas at Home and abroad

China is a mountainous country, and the mountainous area accounts for nearly 70% of the national area. How on earth should agriculture develop in mountainous areas (especially in poor inland areas)? Carefully studying and summarizing the successful experience of agricultural development at home and abroad, especially in the surrounding areas of China, is of positive significance for us to correctly grasp the trend and direction of future agricultural development in mountainous areas and promote the healthy development of agriculture in mountainous areas.

1. Develop characteristic industries in accordance with local conditions. Compared with the plain areas with flat and open terrain and suitable for large-scale mechanical farming, the mountain areas are obviously at a disadvantage in the development of bulk grain and oil crops, and the products are lack of market competitiveness. Therefore, under the condition of adequate supply of grain and oil and convenient market circulation, in some developed countries and regions, the mountain areas have reduced the planting area of corn, rice, wheat, rape and other bulk grain and oil crops, based on the advantage of resources, adjusted the industrial structure, and developed fruit trees, tea, vegetables, flowers, traditional Chinese medicine and other characteristic industries according to local conditions. For example, Japan is a mountainous country, with mountains and hills accounting for 80% of the land area. In the past, Japan mainly grew rice, and the rice self-sufficiency rate was once as high as 95%. However, with the fundamental improvement of the world food supply, Japan has imported a large amount of grain from abroad, changing the adjustment of cultivated land in mountainous areas to vegetables, fruits and flowers with more competitive advantages and higher benefits. In recent years, South Korea has also gradually expanded its grain imports and is committed to developing superior agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, silkworms and medicinal materials in mountainous areas. Taiwan area of China is mainly mountainous, and its bulk grain and oil area accounts for a smaller proportion, but its tropical fruits, tea and other characteristic agricultural products enjoy a high reputation all over the world. In some mountainous areas of our country, it is based on the advantages of resources, the adjustment of industrial structure and the development of characteristic industries that agriculture maintains a leading position. Therefore, the development of agriculture in mountain areas should persist in adjusting measures to local conditions, give full play to their own advantages, adjust their industrial structure, try to enhance their strengths and avoid weaknesses, and take a different road of competition from that of plain areas.

two。 Moderate scale operation varies from person to person. The distribution of cultivated land in mountainous areas is scattered and extremely irregular, and there are great differences in climate, soil and environmental conditions, so it is difficult to carry out large-scale agricultural machinery. therefore, the relatively successful models of agricultural development in mountainous areas at home and abroad are based on local conditions and vary from person to person. take the road of moderate scale management. For example, although Japan's industrial economy is very developed, mountain agriculture is still dominated by small-scale household management, with an average arable land area of about 20 mu per farmer. South Korea is also dominated by small-scale household management, with an average arable land area of about 20 mu per farmer. Because of the large population and little land and scattered cultivated land, Taiwan also takes the development road of small family farms, and the average cultivated land area of each farmer is only about 15 mu. A survey shows that the planting area of growers or family farms with better operating efficiency in mountainous areas of our country is generally 15-30 mu. In order to improve the planting efficiency, only by persisting in appropriate scale operation and constantly improving the quality of mountain agricultural operators, the degree of specialization and the level of operation and management, can mountain farmers really improve the economic benefits of mountain agriculture.

3. Pursue "refinement" to enhance competitiveness. Agriculture in mountainous areas cannot rely on "scale" to win in the competition, and some developed countries and regions have taken a different approach, choosing to make a fuss on "refinement", changing from "survival by quantity" to "development by quality". In Japan, excellent varieties of strawberries are sold at a price of 100 yuan per jin through ecological planting and fine management, and the net income of planted apples reaches more than 25000 yuan per mu. At present, "fine agriculture" has increasingly enhanced the market competitiveness of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and other agricultural products in Taiwan. The net income per mu of tomatoes planted by Taiwan farmers is close to 20, 000 yuan, and the income per mu of strawberries planted by Taiwan farmers can reach 200000 yuan. Taiwan's orchid cultivation has reached the world's leading level. In recent years, "exquisite agriculture" has not only been valued by some experts and scholars in China, but also gradually recognized by some government officials and operators. Fujian and other coastal areas, relying on the advantages of being close to Taiwan and convenient for communication, have taken the lead in introducing, exploring, and implementing "fine agriculture," and have made great efforts to develop high-quality fruits, vegetables, tea, flowers, and so on, and have achieved good benefits. In inland poverty-stricken areas, there are also some open-minded and advanced agricultural enterprises and educated young people who return home to start businesses, give full play to the advantages of resources and environment in mountainous areas, and make use of the Internet and other platforms to actively explore and develop "fine agriculture." gradually blaze a new way to get rich in rural areas.

4. Efforts should be made to improve the degree of organization of farmers. Trying to organize scattered farmers, improve the degree of organization of farmers, solve the contradiction between "small production" and "big market", and improve the market competitiveness of agricultural products in mountain areas is an important successful experience in the development of mountain agriculture at home and abroad. For example, the "Agricultural Collaborative combination" (referred to as the Peasants' Association) established in Japan provides all-round services for participating farmers, including production and life, and even birth, aging, sickness and death. Most of the farmers' production loans, agricultural material procurement, and product sales are completed through the peasant association. The Korean Peasants' Association is a mutual aid and cooperation organization funded by farmers and representing the interests of farmers, providing serial services such as production, circulation, processing, technology, credit and insurance for farmers who join the association. There are mainly three forms of peasant cooperative organizations in Taiwan: peasant associations, cooperatives and production and marketing classes. with the help of these different forms of cooperative organizations, Taiwan's agriculture has embarked on a road of small-scale production, large market and high efficiency in line with the development of modern agriculture. To further do a good job in the construction of farmers' cooperative organizations, improve the management of cooperative organizations, and improve the degree of organization of farmers, it is more urgent in the mountainous areas where production is highly dispersed, far away from the consumer market, and there is a greater need for "cooperation."

5. Establish a sound agricultural service system. At present, the agricultural socialized service systems in Japan and South Korea are very perfect, which have played an important role in promoting the development of agriculture in mountainous areas. For example, in Japan's agricultural service system, in addition to the agricultural guidance system led by the farmers' association, there is also a government-led agricultural popularization guidance system, which is a dual cooperative agricultural service system with the combination of the government and the people. it provides an important guarantee for Japanese agriculture based on "small farmers" to integrate into the big market and step into modernization. South Korea has also established a relatively perfect agricultural service system, which is supported by a service system before, during and after production, which guides farmers to produce agricultural products in accordance with the requirements of standardization and internationalization, and protects the interests of producers and consumers. all play an important role in ensuring. In order to realize the healthy and steady development of agriculture in mountain areas of our country, we must increase investment, use more brains and make "real efforts" in establishing and perfecting the agricultural service system.