Breeding techniques of partridges

Partridges are shaped like chickens and the size of meat pigeons, slightly larger than quails and smaller than pheasants (pheasants). Adult males weigh 0.6-0.85 kg and females 0.55-0.65 kg. Female partridges generally reach sexual maturity at the age of 30 weeks (180 mi 210 days), while male partridges reach sexual maturity 4 weeks later than female partridges, so nutrition and light should be increased in advance. Partridges can lay eggs all the year round, but more eggs are laid in spring and autumn. Commercial partridges are generally raised for 90 days, with a body weight of 0.5-0.7 kg and a meat-to-meat ratio of about 1 ∶ 3-3.5. Partridges are welcomed because of their rapid growth, short feeding period, high production performance, high fecundity and feed conversion rate.

Reproductive technology 1. Reproductive characteristics. The reserve partridge grew to 28 weeks old and was transferred to the breeding stage. About 214-245 days old, the female partridge begins to produce. However, because the male partridge matures 3-4 weeks later than the female partridge, it is necessary to increase nutrition and light for the male partridge in advance. The ratio of male to female is 1:3 in flat breeding and 1:4 in cage. Under general feeding and management conditions, an average of 80 eggs are produced per year. Egg production is affected not only by genetic factors of parents, but also by environmental conditions. When the conditions are good, the utilization life of partridges is 3 years, and the egg production is the highest in the second laying year. There are no very special circumstances during the laying period, but it is not allowed to move or catch partridges, otherwise the number of eggs will decrease significantly or even stop laying. The fertilization rate of breeding eggs is 92% Mui 96%, and the hatching rate is 84% Mui 91%. 2. Hatching. The preservation, disinfection, selection and transportation of breeding eggs are the same as those of chickens in principle. When hatching, the temperature in the incubator must be stable at 37 ℃-38 ℃, otherwise the hatching rate will decrease. The relative humidity from the first day to the 7th day of incubation is 55% Mel 60%, the relative humidity from the 8th day to the 18th day is 50% MUE 55%, and the relative humidity from the 19th day to the 24th day is 60% Mel 70%, which is beneficial to the hatching of the chicks. After the third day of incubation, the oxygen demand of the embryo increases gradually, and the air intake hole of the incubator needs to be opened to replenish fresh air continuously. Especially when coming out of the shell, enough fresh air is needed. After 20 days of hatching, the eggs must be turned every 2 hours, and no more eggs will be turned after 20 days. The general egg temperature is 32 ℃-33 ℃. In the middle and later stages of incubation, the eggs were dried for 10-15 minutes each time, and no more eggs were dried on the 23rd-24th day. Partridge eggs after hatching 7-8 days according to the first egg, 20-21 days according to two eggs, the method is the same as the pheasant. After the second photo, the normally developed eggs were transferred into the hatching apparatus and continued to hatch until they came out of the shell. 3. Brooding and brooding. The eggs hatched 23-24 days later, and some eggs did not hatch until 25 days later. At this time, pick out the fluffy chicks, fill the chick box with grass or soft paper, and put 50-100 chicks in a box. The newly emerged chicks should pay attention to heating and ventilation to prevent suffocation. Artificial midwifery can be carried out on the chicks that have pecked the shell but are unable to get out of the shell. Midwifery should wait for the chick's allantoic vessels to wither before it can be carried out, otherwise it is easy to bleed and cause death. Those who do not come out of the shell after hatching for 26 days will be abandoned. At present, the advanced heat source of brooding is infrared light. The lamp is hung at a height of 30 centimeters above the ground, and gradually increases with the age of the chicks. A 250-watt infrared lamp can illuminate 300-400 chicks. Before entering the brood, the nursery is cleaned and sterilized, spread a layer of cooked lime on the floor, then spread 8 cm-10 cm thick bedding grass, and then replenish the bedding grass about 2 weeks later, until it is 20 cm thick. The temperature of brooding should decrease with the increase of age. Just after hatching to 1 week old, the brooding temperature is 35 ℃-36 ℃, which is reduced by 1 ℃ per week until 24 ℃-25 ℃ can be stabilized; the indoor relative humidity within 1 week of brooding is 60%, 70%, 60%, 55%, 60%, 60%, 55%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60%, 60 Under the premise of ensuring temperature and humidity, attention should be paid to ventilation to ensure fresh indoor air. The brooding density was 80 birds per square meter from 1 day to 10 days old, 50 birds per square meter from 10 days old to 4 weeks old, and 25 chicks per square meter from 4 weeks old to 13 weeks old. The light conditions of the brooding room are as follows: full-day light with an intensity of 4 watts per square meter within 20 hours to 1 week, and 16 hours after one week of age, with an intensity of 2 watts per square meter. Too strong light will cause feather pecking, toe pecking, anal pecking and other bad habits. Partridges should drink water within 24 hours after coming out of their shell, and do not run out of water or lack of water. The first time partridges eat is called "eating". After drinking water, you can eat. Drinking water and eating are completed within 24 hours. When eating, you can sprinkle the feed on the thick cardboard or plate to let the chicks find food. The sink and the food trough should be opened by mistake, about 1 meter apart. Keep feeding every day at the age of 3 days, each animal is fed 8 grams of cooked millet every day, from 3 days old to 10 days old, 6 times a day and night. From 10 days old to 4 weeks old, they were fed 5 times a day. Management during the rearing period

At the age of 8 weeks, partridges can be successfully raised in multi-layer cages or flat cages. Most commercial chicken cages only need to make slight improvements to the bottom of the cage, trough and drinking fountain. In order to reduce foot and ankle injury, the bottom can be covered with 0.6 cm thick mesh plastic mesh pad. At the age of 6 weeks, it should be moved into the breeding cage or column for feeding. The management technology is basically the same as the chicks. In order to prevent pecking, the beak was cut off at the age of 6-9 days and once again at the age of 6 weeks. The upper beak was cut off by using a beak-breaking machine to cut off the upper beak. Such as continuous beak, you can also wear a special plastic nose ring. During the breeding period, the young partridges should be transferred to the breeding house at the latest 9 weeks old, which can be raised in flat, net and cage. In order to control blackhead, coccidiosis and parasitic diseases, net culture and cage culture are recommended. In view of the strong flying ability of partridges, flying bars can be set up outside the house. Feeding density: 4 Mel 6 weeks old 0.03 square meters per animal, or 35 animals per square meter, 6-10 weeks old 0.06 square meters each, or 15 animals per square meter. The light is 14 per day and night for 16 hours (low intensity), using 0.5-1 watt / square meter. Red light has a good effect. Feed 3mi 4 times a day, drinking water can not be interrupted, pay attention to environmental hygiene, strengthen observation and nursing. For meat partridges, fixed light lasts for 20 hours from the beginning to the market, and 92% of the adult body weight can be reached at the age of 16 weeks. The average weight of male and female can reach 0.6 kg and 0.5 kg respectively. The feed conversion rate was about 2.04: 1. Raising medicinal partridges should be put on the market at the age of 16 mi 20 weeks, which has higher economic benefit. Disease prevention and control generally speaking, partridges have strong resistance to diseases, but they are also susceptible to many diseases, especially in the cases of poor management, low hygiene level, poor breeding environment and weak biosafety measures. even cause serious losses. The common diseases of partridges are Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease and some fungal and parasitic diseases. Now the prevention and treatment of partridge Newcastle disease and bronchitis are introduced as follows: 1. Partridge Newcastle disease. Partridge Newcastle disease is a highly contagious disease caused by Newcastle disease virus in the genus paramyxovirus. It can happen all the year round, but it is more common in winter and spring, and it is mostly spread by poultry, especially chickens. The morbidity and mortality of the disease are closely related to the immune level, feeding management level and biosafety measures of the population. Clinical symptoms and pathological changes. The symptoms and pathological changes of partridge Newcastle disease are similar to those of chicken Newcastle disease. Typical cases show depression, lethargy, loose wings, dyspnea, loss of appetite or abandonment, crop effusion, and occasionally yellow-white or yellowish-green thin feces. In the later stage, neurological symptoms such as dyskinesia, wing paralysis, rotation and tilting of the head could be seen. Ophthalmic lesions included increased intratracheal mucus, mucosal hyperemia and punctate hemorrhage; glandular gastric mucosal edema, papillary, myogastric substratum corneum and coronal fat punctate hemorrhage; pulmonary congestion edema; enteritis, cecal tonsil swelling, punctate hemorrhage, cloacal punctate hemorrhage. At present, most of the patients are vaccinated with Newcastle disease vaccine, so the typical cases are very rare, such as low spirits, loose feathers, loss of appetite, and some respiratory and digestive tract symptoms. The number of eggs laid by planting partridges is reduced, and the mortality rate is low. Thrombectomy is usually lack of obvious typical lesions, but more cases can still get the impression of Newcastle disease. Prevention and control methods. So far, there is no specific drug available for treatment, early application of high immune anti-Newcastle disease serum or egg yolk homogenate has considerable therapeutic and preventive effects. The prevention of this disease lies in strengthening feeding and hygiene management, and taking strict comprehensive biosafety measures to strictly prevent the introduction and infection of pathogens. At the same time, there is a planned vaccine immunization. The immunization procedure is generally that 7 Mel 10 days old and 28 Mel 35 days old are immunized with Newcastle disease Ⅱ line or Ⅳ line vaccine by eye drip or drinking water. The breeding partridges are immunized with 1 dose of Newcastle disease Ⅰ vaccine and 1 part of Newcastle disease inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine 15 days before the start of production, and the immunization will be strengthened once in each off-production period. 2. Infectious bronchitis of partridges. It is generally believed that chickens are the only natural host of infectious bronchitis and can cause clinical morbidity and death. However, it is reported that 1980 11-day-old partridges raised in a farm in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province developed the disease, with an incidence of more than 90% and a mortality rate of 21% within 3 days. Therefore, attention should be paid to the prevention of this disease in partridge breeding.

Clinical symptoms and pathological changes. At the beginning of the disease, there were only mild respiratory symptoms and a small amount of white feces. With the development of the disease, quickly spread to the whole group, sick partridge performance lethargic, afraid of cold accumulation, loss of appetite or hunger strike, but increased appetite, loose wings, dyspnea, can be seen panting. He had rice soup-like diarrhea, lost weight quickly and died of severe exhaustion. Ophthalmic lesions include increased mucus in trachea and bronchus, viscous to cheese-like blockage at bronchial bifurcation, turbid air bag, pale kidney, significant swelling, cobweb appearance due to white uric acid salt in renal tubule, white thick cord-shaped ureter due to urate accumulation, and thin feces containing a large amount of white urate in the cloaca.

Prevention and control methods. The disease is still lack of specific and effective therapeutic drugs. After the onset of the disease, you can try the compound preparation of Chinese herbal medicine Kechuanxiao (0.5-1 ml / day) combined with kidney swelling antidote (0.25% mixed drink) for 5 days. At the same time, good results can be obtained by increasing the addition of vitamin An and multivitamins and strengthening the air disinfection of belt tritridges. As the disease is mainly transmitted through air and respiratory tract infection, the best way to prevent it is to carry out planned infectious bronchitis vaccination on the basis of strengthening daily feeding management and hygiene. The new vaccine can prevent Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis at the same time, and its immune procedure and vaccination time can refer to Newcastle disease, but it should be noted that there is mutual interference between Newcastle disease vaccine and infectious bronchitis vaccine, so when vaccinating live attenuated vaccine, there should be an interval of 7 min and 10 days. If the immune protection effect of commercial infectious bronchitis vaccine is not ideal, the field isolate can be used to prepare inactivated vaccine.