Prevention and treatment of common diseases in breeding porcupine

In the process of porcupine breeding, if mismanagement or other reasons, lead to the occurrence of porcupine disease. When diseases are found, they should be diagnosed and treated in time. The common diseases of porcupine are acute pneumonia, enteritis, parasitic diseases, constipation, ascites, trauma, fracture, heteropagia and so on. The following is an introduction to the prevention and treatment of these common diseases of porcupine. For reference.

I. Acute pneumonia

Pneumonia is an acute infectious disease infected by bacteria and characterized by pulmonary inflammation, which mostly occurs in the plum rain season and is related to the long-term humidity in the porcupine breeding room.

1. The cause is that the humidity in the porcupine breeding room is too high for a long time, or the porcupine is weak after long-distance transportation, at this time, the disease resistance of the porcupine suddenly decreases, while the bacteria (such as pneumococci, staphylococci and streptococci, etc.) that cause pneumonia in the porcupine respiratory tract or porcupine culture pond invade the respiratory tract and take advantage of the opportunity to produce toxins, poison the lungs and cause porcupine pneumonia.

2. Symptoms infected porcupine due to inflammation in the lungs, increased exudates in the lungs, causing respiratory dysfunction and various symptoms: loss of appetite or abstinence, lack of food, depression of spirit, lack of activity; dyspnea, sticky nostril, debris around nostrils, extremely difficult to breathe, and finally suffocated to death. Autopsy examination showed that the respiratory tract was red and swollen, the membrane was bleeding, the trachea was filled with exfoliated mucous membrane and mucus, blocking the trachea; pulmonary congestion or atrophy, or local necrosis; gastrointestinal mucosal congestion, accumulation of dry feces in the large intestine.

Treatment (1) injection of penicillin and streptomycin

Because pneumonia is caused by gram-negative bacteria or gram-positive bacteria, in order to achieve a good cure effect, penicillin and streptomycin are usually injected separately at the same time, in order to achieve the purpose of rapid control of the disease. The dose can be controlled in penicillin and streptomycin each 200000 international units F kg (according to the severity of the disease), the first treatment might as well increase the dose, so whether the disease can be controlled earlier is a top priority and urgent. Every morning and evening each injection, generally continuous medication for more than a week, individual weight up to about 3 weeks. The disease must be cured at once to prevent recurrence.

(2) injection of cefazolin sodium

After diluting with water, press 0. The dose of 03 g / kg was injected once a day in the morning and evening until it was fully recovered. If there is a sticky sputum mass in the mouth of the sick porcupine or breathing is accompanied by a serious murmur, another anticholinergic drug-atropine sulfate can be injected, which has a unique effect on dilating the trachea, moisturizing the smooth muscle and forcing the smooth discharge of sputum. The dosage is controlled at 0. 5%. 02 one-0. 04 mg / kg, intramuscular injection, once a day, twice a day for 7-10 days.

4. to prevent such as too much humidity in the porcupine breeding room, quicklime and other dehumidification can be used. After long-distance transportation, porcupine should give it a quiet environment, supply sufficient food and clean drinking water, maintain suitable temperature and humidity, and do a good job in ventilation in breeding rooms to prevent the occurrence and spread of the disease.

Enteritis enteritis, also known as mucinous dysentery, is a common acute intestinal infectious disease in young porcine. The disease spreads quickly, and the mortality rate of young porcupine (especially lactating piglets) is high, which has become a major disease in the growth of young porcupine, which must be taken seriously. Enteritis is mostly caused by porcupines living in an unhygienic environment or eating spoiled food.

Lactation piglets suffer from enteritis, mostly due to malnutrition of sows, resulting in a decline in reproductive performance, resulting in a decline in disease resistance of piglets. After porcupine suffering from enteritis, most porcupine look dull, thin appearance, do not like activity, discharge white, yellow, black and other colors of sparse feces, eat little or no food, leading to the death of sick porcupine when the disease is serious.

1. The etiology is caused by a large number of bacteria in the intestinal tract, resulting in intestinal diseases caused by indigestion in porcupines. It is generally believed that it is mainly due to improper feeding and management, feeding spoiled food, resulting in a sharp decline in gastrointestinal disease resistance, Escherichia coli and various intestinal bacteria in the intestinal tract of young porcupine produce various toxins, poisoning the nervous system of porcupine, disturbing the normal activity of the intestinal tract, changing the balance of flora in the intestinal tract and causing the disease. And then through the feces to pollute the water in the ditch and pool, pollute the breeding pond or utensils to spread, so the disease can occur in the whole farm in a short time.

2. the main symptoms are diarrhea and dysentery. Because a large amount of toxins produced by bacteria stimulate the intestinal wall, the peristalsis of the intestine is accelerated, resulting in diarrhea in the porcupine. Then, the degree of toxicity to the intestinal wall increases and deepens, the mesentery falls off, capillaries in the intestinal wall are damaged, and the intestinal wall muscles fester, resulting in dysentery and feces with stench, blood and necrotic tissue. Usually after 3-5 days sick porcupine collapse and death. Autopsy of the dead animal shows that the porcupine body is extremely thin, skinny and bony, and the thorns are dull and loose. The stomach is full of remnant food, and the intestine is full of necrotic tissue, rotten surimi, fluid and blood clots, and gastrointestinal wall ulcers.

3, treatment (1) after intramuscular injection of gentamicin, it is known that it is enteritis caused by Escherichia coli. Gentamicin can be given intramuscular injection first. According to the dose of 100000 international units / kg, it can be cured in 3-5 days. Porcupine enteritis caused by Escherichia coli is not easy to recur after cure.

(2) the parallel injection site of porcine infected with streptomycin sulfate was injected intramuscularly at the dose of 80,000 IU / kg, once a day for 3 days.

(3) kanamycin sulfate was injected intramuscularly at a dose of 314 million IU / kg, once a day for 3 days. In addition, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, colistin, chloramphenicol and other drugs have a good inhibitory effect on porcupine enteritis. The tablets of the above drugs can also be added to the porcupine's drinking water to drink, so as to increase the number of intestinal beneficial bacteria and promote its recovery as soon as possible.

4. Prevention and guarantee of food and clean drinking water, as well as the cleanliness of farms are effective measures to prevent the disease. Sanitary aquaculture ponds must be kept dry, ventilated and clean.

Parasitic diseases caused by parasitic infections are called parasitic diseases, which can be divided into internal parasites and external parasites. Parasitic diseases are also contagious. Although the mortality rate of the disease is low, parasites can affect the growth and reproduction of porcupine, which should not be ignored.

The main results are as follows: 1. the cause of porcupine infection with parasites is mainly caused by porcupine eating drinking water and feed contaminated by parasitic eggs. There are many kinds of parasites that can be parasitized in porcupines, including rod nematode, round nematode, taeniasis, hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides and so on. After these parasites are parasitized in the body of the porcupine, they weaken the physique of the porcupine, cause other diseases, directly or indirectly affect its health, and the serious ones directly lead to death.

2. once the symptomatic parasite is parasitic in the porcupine, it will plunder the nutrients of the porcupine body, resulting in malnutrition, slow growth, weight loss, reduced litter birth, weakening disease resistance and easy infection with other diseases. causing blockage of some organs in the porcupine body. If a large number of Ascaris lumbricoides parasites, it will cause intestinal obstruction; such as whip tongue parasites, it will cause respiratory tract obstruction, causing porcupine death.

3. if the treatment is economical and practical, it is better to use L-hydrochloric acid injection, which can not only be taken orally, but also the absorption effect of intramuscular injection is fast and safe. The dosage of levamisole hydrochloride is calculated according to the body weight of 10 ml / 1 kg porcupine (note: it is strictly forbidden to use female and young porcupine during pregnancy and lactation). Because the dosage is small, there is no local stimulation to porcupine (suitable for deep intramuscular injection), and its dosage is only half of that of tripterex. If it is used in combination with trichlorfon, it can be used 2-6 hours after administration, and can be used again at an interval of 1 week; it can also be dewormed twice a year, mostly in spring and autumn.

(1) the principle of deworming

When deworming porcupine, we should follow the principle of "high efficiency, low toxicity, broad spectrum and low price", that is, a small amount of anti-parasite drug can dispel a variety of parasites. In addition, in the deworming treatment or prevention of a large number of porcupines, a small number of porcupines should be tested first, and their reactions and efficacy should be closely observed to ensure that the drug is safe and effective before full use. In addition, whether it is a large number of drugs or pre-test deworming, we should understand the characteristics of deworming drugs in advance, beware of poisoning, and prepare corresponding detoxification drugs to strictly prevent accidents.

(2) points for attention in deworming

① use insect repellent to give medicine to the insect, that is, to dispel what kind of insect with what medicine, can not be used blindly, this is not only ineffective, but also will bring adverse side effects.

When ② decides to use the drug to deworming, it should carry out the deworming experiment, that is, first select the medium-weight porcupine to do the drug experiment, and then carry out the deworming of a large number of porcupines when it is proved to be safe and effective.

The dosage of ③ should be accurate. If the dosage is less, it will not get rid of worms, but if the dosage is more, poisoning will occur.

④ should repeatedly disinfect worms, the currently used anthelmintic is extremely effective in killing adults, but the ability to kill larvae is poor, so it should be dewormed again 7-10 days after the first deworming, from killing larvae to adults, to thoroughly deworming to ensure the health of porcupines.

4. prevention: it is necessary to clean and dispose of porcupine feces.

Second, we should do a good job in the cleanliness and hygiene of the porcupine habitat, and pay special attention to the cleanliness of drinking water and food.

Third, disinfect it regularly.

4. Ascites 1. The cause of ascites is due to increased blood pressure in the vascular system, causing congestion in the portal vein, resulting in fluid exudation and accumulation in the abdominal cavity. Ascites is caused by liver lesions, tuberculosis, parasitic diseases, and can also occur in diseases caused by venous pressure. In addition, protein deficiency and blood thinning diseases such as chronic glomerulonephritis and chronic anemia can cause the occurrence of this disease.

2. the symptomatic porcupine is emaciated, the coat is rough, lack of luster, the visible mucosa is pale or cyanotic and the spirit is depressed. Loss of appetite, increased abdominal circumference, hands touching the abdomen have a sense of fluctuation. Most of the disease is a chronic process and the prognosis is poor.

3. The diagnosis can be made according to the clinical symptoms and abdominal condition.

4. After the diagnosis of treatment, the primary disease should be controlled and the pathogen should be eliminated. generally, drinking water should be controlled, protein feed should be strengthened, and diuretics and vitamin C should be taken orally.

Constipation is a kind of acute abdominal pain caused by internal and external pathogenic factors, which makes intestinal motility disorder and feces stagnant in a certain intestinal segment, especially colonic constipation.

1. The cause of constipation is due to improper feed matching, insufficient fat content, or poor feed quality, not easy to digest, or lack of drinking water or lack of exercise, resulting in intestinal movement disorders and secretion disorders, resulting in complete or incomplete intestinal obstruction. The disease mostly occurs in newly caught porcupines, because porcupines have just moved from the wild environment to the small feeding pond, the feeding environment has changed, the activity has decreased, the metabolic function has decreased, and it is easy to produce constipation.

2. The symptoms of porcupine disease are fine at the beginning of appetite, but restless, dry mouth, yellow tongue, redness, halitosis, loss of appetite or abstinence, abdominal distension, a small amount of defecation and dry hard at the beginning of the disease, followed by a continuous defecation posture, but no fecal excretion; when the rectal mucosa is damaged, a small amount of dry and hard dung ball surface is covered with bright red blood.

3. Drip a few drops of vegetable oil, or paraffin oil and warm soap water into the porcupine rectum. Infuse sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate, or paraffin oil, vegetable oil, etc. Drink 5% artificial saline.

Fruit guide tablets can be taken internally. Enema with 9% glucose saline to soften the feces and then help with abdominal massage and pressure, the feces can be excreted. In addition, you can also use soap enema, or feed artificial salt 2. 5 mg, the curative effect is also better. Surgical operations can be performed according to the severity of the disease.

4. Prevent meticulous feeding, strengthen management, give adequate drinking water, do appropriate exercise, and feed high-quality food that is easy to digest.

6. Trauma 1. Etiology due to the limitations of breeding conditions, people will inevitably cause some trauma to porcupine when catching or transporting porcupines. If the wound is infected by bacteria and can not be treated in time, resulting in serious consequences, or even death. Porcupines caught especially from the wild often cause porcupine trauma due to improper capture tools and methods.

2. At the beginning of the disease, the skin of the external injury is red and swollen, bleeding, and then the wound suppurates, fester, discharge pus, and has a bad smell, at this time the sick porcupine neither drinks nor feeds. If it is not treated in time, abscess and septicemia often occur and die from poisoning.

3. During the treatment, rinse the wound with disinfectant, then smear the affected area with gentian purple solution, or smear with 1%-2% iodine tincture, 2 or 3 times a day until cured. If you find that the wound has suppurated, you can sprinkle the crushed oxytetracycline or madiomycin on the affected area and press it with your hand to let the powder stick to the wound to avoid falling off. If some wounds fester deeply, or if the leg is broken, the wound should be bandaged after debridement.

4. Prevention under the condition of artificial feeding, sharp weapons cannot be used when catching or transporting porcupine, the action of catching porcupine should be light to avoid trauma, strict disinfection should be carried out during intramuscular injection, feeding density should not be too high, and strange porcupine should pay attention to observation when closing the cage, in order to prevent injury caused by bite and fight, these are important measures to prevent trauma.

Fracture 1. The cause mainly occurs in the newly introduced porcupine. It is caused by Orion's use of iron traps. It is common that the leg bone has different degrees of fracture.

2. Most of the symptoms occur in the forelimbs, some in the wrist, some in the lower radius, or even in the humerus. As a result of long-distance transportation, can not get timely treatment, so that the fracture site due to bacterial infection and suppuration, serious even stench, bone exposure, sick porcupine mental state is very poor, elevated body temperature, loss of appetite or abstinence, and some even occur dehydration.

3, the treatment of sick porcupine is generally not suitable for amputation immediately, but first intramuscular injection of antibiotics to control inflammation, do general surgical treatment. If you have an appetite, feed your favorite food. After the physique improves, the operation can be carried out. The anesthesia during the operation was intramuscular injection of ketamine, the dose was 10-12 mg per kg body weight, once intramuscular injection. Fall down after 3-5 minutes, the duration of anesthesia can be maintained 1-1. 5 hours. After the operation, an additional dose of 1 stroke and 2 doses can be added to prolong the anesthesia time.

The operation should be performed according to the injured site. If the fracture is in the proximal metacarpal, the elbow joint should be amputated. If the fracture occurs in the middle and distal radius, the ulnar and radial bone can be cut off. Ligation should be done at the top of the amputation and routine shearing disinfection should be done before the operation.

For elbow amputation, the skin can be cut in a circle 3-4 cm below the joint and peeled off upward until the elbow process can be exposed. At this time, peel off the triceps muscle and biceps muscle above the joint, ligate the brachial artery and vein, then cut off the affected limb along the elbow joint, clean the wound, apply anti-inflammatory drugs, suture the skin as nodules, disinfect the wound and bandage it. After wrist amputation, the skin was cut in a circular way, the dorsal interosseous artery was ligated above the wrist joint, the superficial metacarpal artery was ligated ventrally, and resected along the proximal carpal bone of ulna and bone, sutured and bandaged.

Continuous intramuscular injection of antibiotics for 7-15 days after operation, if the wound is moist, 0. 5%. 2% rivnol (preferably with cod liver oil) spray 3-4 times a day. Attention should be paid to:

The operation site of ① should be located at 1-2 cm healthy bone above the fracture, which is beneficial to healing in the future.

The tangent of the ② skin ring should be 2-4 cm below the osteotomy to facilitate suture.

The necrotic tissue should be removed thoroughly before ③ suture.

When suturing with ④, the muscle should not be used to wrap the end of the capsule.

Strengthening the management after ⑤ and keeping the cage dry is beneficial to wound healing.

Eighth, bulimia 1. Etiology porcupine dietary protein content is too low, is the main cause of porcupine bulimia.

2. Porcupines with symptoms of the disease usually bite the spines of other porcupines in the same pool, or even bite their own spines, leaving only half of the spines on the porcupine.

3. The diagnosis can be made according to the clinical symptoms.

4. at present, there is no effective drug for the treatment of porcupine, a special form of bulimia.

5. Preventive measures are strictly in accordance with the dietary standards of porcupine to ensure the content of protein in the diet, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of the disease.