Introduction of compound Feed for breeding Freshwater White Pomfret

Freshwater Pomfret is a kind of feeding fish. it is fed with compound feed in ponds, cages and running water. This is also an important measure to increase yield, promote growth and shorten the culture cycle.

Practice has proved that compound feed culture has the following advantages:

High nutritional value, suitable for intensive cultivation, high yield and intensive management.

The source of feed was expanded. Its feed raw materials include cake, bran, beans, dregs, roughage, animal feed and other kinds of feed.

Feed with different nutrients can be prepared according to the type and size of fish to make it most suitable for the needs of farmed fish.

Modern advanced processing technology can be used for mass production to meet the needs of the development of fish culture.

It is suitable for automatic feeding, improves labor productivity, and is conducive to the development of mechanization and factory.

Preparation principle of compound feed

Although the nutritional needs of Pomfret have not been determined, the general principles should be grasped when designing and preparing its formula feed in the future.

The feed formula of nutritional balance must be worked out according to the nutritional needs and feed nutritional value of farmed fish. In the formulation, the energy needs of fish must be met first. Protein, fat and carbohydrates in feed are all organic substances containing energy, so as long as these three nutrients are satisfied in fish feed, the energy value is generally easy to meet. Emphasis should be placed on the content and proportion of protein and amino acids in feed to meet the requirements of nutritional standards. In addition, the content of crude fiber in feed should be controlled in the lowest range, so as to avoid the decrease of digestibility of other nutrients and total digestibility of feed.

A variety of feed materials should be selected to achieve the balance of protein and amino acids as far as possible. All kinds of feed raw materials have their own nutritional value, cooperate with each other and learn from each other, which is generally higher than that of a single feed. Additives should be properly selected to improve the nutritional composition of the feed and improve the fish culture effect of the feed.

The digestibility of the nutrients of the feed materials and the palatability of the feed must be considered. Attention should be paid to the selection of suitable feed according to the digestive physiological characteristics, feeding habits and hobbies of different fish.

The design of compound feed should seek the maximum economic benefit when selecting the feed formula, not only considering the source of raw materials, but also conducive to storage, transportation and use.

An example of formula of compound feed for freshwater Pomfret

Although the nutritional needs of freshwater Pomfret have not been studied in detail, it is currently in the experimental stage. However, due to the miscellaneous eating habits of freshwater Pomfret, the selectivity of feed is not strong, through different units to select a variety of feed formulations for production practice, have achieved better fish culture results. Here are some recipes.

Several formulations of compound feed for freshwater Pomfret

Changjiang Fisheries Research Institute Zhang Zhongying et al. (1991) parent fish or fish seed: fish meal 10%, soybean cake 25%, vegetable cake and sesame cake 25%, rice bran 10%, wheat bran 10%, mixture (crude protein about 13%) 18%, calcium hydrogen phosphate-based mixed salt 2%, plus 5% foot flour as adhesive. The content of crude protein is about 3033%. For adult fish: 5% fish meal, 20% soybean cake, 30% vegetable cake and sesame cake, 15% rice bran, 8% wheat bran, 20% mixture (ibid.), 2% mixed salt based on calcium hydrogen phosphate, plus 5% bottom flour as adhesive. The crude protein content is about 25%.

Fujian Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute Li Tianlai et al. (1989) for adult fish: 15% fish meal, 20% bean cake, 20% peanut cake, 25% corn meal, 20% wheat bran, plus 10g mixed inorganic salt and 200g salt for every 100kg feed. Crude protein 29.5%, feed coefficient 2.96.

Hubei Fisheries Research Institute Huang Erchun et al. (1994) Shandong Fisheries School Hao Yanzhou et al. (1994) adult fish: fish meal 15%, bean cake 25%, wheat bran 50%, corn meal 8%, plus 2% multivitamins, minerals and salt. The crude protein is about 270.28%. Fish seed use: fish meal 5%, peanut cake 30%, wheat bran 26%, shrimp bran 10%, corn 8%, flour 3%, sophora leaf 2%, bone meal 1%, shrimp bait 15%, plus 75 grams of inorganic salt and 40 grams of multivitamins for every 100 kg feed. Used before New Year's Day, an overwintering fish species. Fish seed use: fish meal 5%, peanut cake 34%, wheat bran 40%, shrimp bran 10%, corn 8%, locust leaf 2%, bone meal 1%, inorganic salts and multivitamins are the same as above, and 20 kg of fresh miscellaneous fish are added to every 95 kg feed. Used after the overwintering fish species New Year's Day.

The above formula has a good effect after use. in order to improve the utilization rate of formula feed, green vegetables, melon peel and other green fodder can be fed intermittently at the same time, which is beneficial to the rapid growth of freshwater Pomfret.

The parent fish and species of freshwater white Pomfret are suitable for formula feed with crude protein of 30,33%, and adult fish are suitable for 25% formula feed. Because the freshwater Pomfret has a wide diet and does not require a high level of crude protein, cheap, efficient and practical formulations can be made according to the local feed raw materials and prices.

Feeding technology of compound feed

After solving the problem of fish species and feed in fish production, feeding technology is particularly important. In order to achieve the efficient use of fish feed and the maximum economic benefits, it is not only reasonable feed formula and comprehensive nutrition, but also depends to a greater extent on the correct and effective feeding technology.

Pomfret is a kind of fish living in the middle and lower classes, and its feeding activities are generally carried out in the middle and lower layers of the water body. Therefore, the formula feed needs to be made into sinking pellet feed in order to be suitable for the feeding of freshwater white Pomfret.

Feeding mode

There are two ways to feed Freshwater White Pomfret: one is to set up a feed table in the pond, generally one per mu, 5 mu can be set up 2 million 3, 10 mu can be set up 4 million 5, each table area is about 3 square meters, the table should be about 50 cm under the water surface; the second is hand spreading, when the pond water temperature is 27 ℃, the freshwater white Pomfret ingestion is exuberant, only to the eating platform, the effect is not obvious, and not easy to observe. At this time, people stand on the shore for hand sprinkling, so that most of the fish can be fed, this feeding method and feeding effect is better.

It is generally not suitable to set up a table in cage culture, it is better to scatter by hand. Because the freshwater white Pomfret in the cage is very clustered and the group activity is fierce, the bait on the table will often fall into the water, sink to the bottom and lose, resulting in greater loss and poor feeding effect.

Optimum feeding amount

The feeding amount of freshwater Pomfret is affected by many conditions, such as culture mode, feed type, water temperature and so on. Generally speaking, the feeding amount of cage culture is larger than that of pond culture, and that of high temperature season is larger than that of low temperature season, and that of intensive culture pond is larger than that of mixed culture pond.

Yu Laining et al. (1988) have done experiments in this area with water cluster boxes in the room. When the experimental water temperature was 26.5-2.4 ℃, the daily growth rate was 5.7% when the daily feeding amount was 10.2% of the body weight of Pomfret, and 2.08% when the feed intake decreased to 2.3% of the fish body weight. It was found that in the stage of freshwater Pomfret fish culture, the growth rate was positively proportional to the feeding rate in a certain range. The growth rate increased with the increase of feeding.

However, the feeding rate is limited by food intake and can not be increased indefinitely. If the feeding amount exceeds the food intake of fish, it will result in waste of bait and increase of culture cost. It has been observed that after the feeding rate is more than 10%, the freshwater white Pomfret can not be eaten. Therefore, they think that the feeding rate should be limited to less than 10%, and if the water temperature is low, it can be reduced a little bit, considering that in natural waters, the freshwater white Pomfret is also used to eat other bait, so they suggest that a good effect can be achieved by controlling the feeding rate at 57% in pond culture. According to the breeding experience and experimental results of various places, whether it is overwintering cultivation or natural normal temperature culture, as long as the water temperature is more than 16 ℃, a certain amount of feed should be maintained to meet the needs of feeding and growth of freshwater Pomfret. At different water temperatures, the feeding rate of intensive and mainly cultured freshwater Pomfret can be found in Table 2.

Table 2, The reference table water temperature (℃) of the main freshwater Pomfret in the pond (%) the feeding rate (%) 16 20 0.320 1.020 24 1.1 2.024 28 2.1 4.028 30 4.1 7.030 33 7.1mm 10.0

The feeding rate is the percentage of daily feeding to the body weight of fish. The change of feeding rate depends on the body constitution, specification, water temperature, feed quality and other conditions, and the specific daily feeding amount should be flexibly controlled according to the specific situation. At the same time of feeding pellet feed, if the green feed is supplemented properly, the feeding rate can be relatively reduced. In the ponds dominated by the four major domestic fish, pellet feed can be used less or not. if the amount of mixed culture of Pomfret is small, it can be carried out according to the conventional feeding methods of the four major domestic fish without additional feed. Therefore, the specific amount of feeding should depend on various circumstances.

The feeding rate of freshwater Pomfret in cage culture is higher than that in pond culture, which is mainly due to the lack of natural bait. The feeding rate of cage culture is shown in Table 3.

Table 3, Feed rate Specification (g / tail) Water temperature (℃) feeding rate of Pomfret cultured in Cage at different Water temperature (%) 4: 10, 28, 30, 14.7, 1110, 20, 30, 31, 11, 11, 120, 60, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31.7. 9 .1 "7.060" 100 31.5 "28 6.8" 4.5100 "125 28" 25 4.5 "3.2125" 165 25 "21 3.2" 1.4

Feeding frequency, time and speed

The feeding frequency is the reasonable distribution of feeding times in a day after the daily feeding quantity is determined. Pomfret is a kind of fish with stomach, which has high feeding intensity, strong digestibility and fast growth rate. The feeding times vary according to different water temperature and different culture methods. In general, it is suitable to feed twice a day when the water temperature is between 20 ℃ and 26 ℃, and 3 times and 4 times when the water temperature is higher than 26 ℃. Cage culture should be 5-7 times.

It is easy to train freshwater Pomfret to eat at a fixed time and place. Feeding for a fixed time can improve the feed utilization rate and enhance the feeding effect. The choice of feeding time mainly depends on the temperature of the water environment. The water temperature is low, feed once a day, noon is the best. If you feed twice a day, it is more appropriate to choose 9 and 15:00. Three times a day, it should be at 8 o'clock, 13:00 and 18:00, with an interval of about 5 hours each time. Freshwater white Pomfret is cultured in cages. When the fish grows to 70 grams in mid-August, the fish tend to bite through the inner cage. According to the study of Hu Tingjian et al. (1992), it is necessary to set up a feeding table in the cage after mid-August, and put an additional feed on the table in the evening. It can effectively prevent the cage from being bitten. It can be seen that the feeding technology is related to whether the freshwater white Pomfret bites the box or not.

Feeding speed refers to the duration of each feeding. For well-trained freshwater Pomfret, no matter which feeding method, even if there is a feed table under the water to pour all the feed at once. Feed should be slowly and continuously put into the water for fish intake at that time. In general, freshwater Pomfret sinks with omission to reduce the time of dissolving feed in water and the loss of feed nutrients, especially in the latter half of each feeding, which should last for 20 minutes and 30 minutes.

Processing and preparation of feed

The purpose of feed processing and preparation is to improve the palatability of feed, to make fish like to eat or to eat easily, to increase the digestibility of feed, to improve its nutritional value, and to maintain the nutritional composition of feed, so that it will not be dissolved quickly after launching. Make the feed easy to transport, store and use.

Processing of individual feed

Pond culture of freshwater white Pomfret, in the case of small stocking density, as long as the natural bait can play a considerable role, a single feed can also be used. All kinds of individual feed often need to be processed before feeding the fish.

Processing of ⑴ plant feed and animal feed

All kinds of meal feed should be crushed and soaked before feeding fish, and should be ground into pulp when raising fish fry. When feeding the fish seed, grind it into powder or paste, add a certain amount of adhesive to make dough, and then feed it. For starch feed such as sweet potato flour, corn flour, barley crumbs and soil flour, in order to improve its digestibility and stickiness as a binder, it is necessary to heat up and gelatinize the starch before feeding.

Meat and fish processing scraps, fresh miscellaneous fish and other large pieces of animal feed should first be chopped and ground, and then added a certain amount of adhesive to make dough feeding. Fresh animal feed is generally not cooked, the digestibility of raw feed is higher, and the nutritional composition is higher.