Techniques and matters needing attention in captive breeding of laying ducks in North China

I. basic requirements of enclosure

In the northern region, the season is obvious, the annual temperature difference and daily temperature difference are large, especially in winter, the climate is cold and dry. Compared with the north, the south is warm and humid, and the temperature difference is relatively small. Therefore, in the enclosure building, the south is tall and spacious, paying more attention to ventilation and ventilation, while the northern building requires that it is best to sit north and face south, with a high degree of tightness, which should not only pay attention to ventilation and ventilation, but also facilitate the adoption of measures to increase temperature and heat preservation.

Second, make a good adjustment of temperature and humidity in the early stage of brooding.

1. Characteristics of tracheal mucosal growth and yolk absorption in ducklings. The trachea is the passage of gas in and out. Depending on the swing of mucosal cilia and the attached moisture, the trachea has the function of wetting and cleaning into the lung air, and it is also an important part of regulating body temperature through evaporation and heat dissipation. The freshly hatched ducklings have hypoplastic mucous membrane on the tracheal surface, few cilia, weak moisturizing ability, low ability to clean and remove foreign bodies in the air, and easy to lose water. With the growth and development, the mucosal cilia gradually covered the surface in the second week, and the function tended to be improved gradually. After hatching, there is still some yolk in the yolk sac in the belly of the ducklings, which takes 3-5 days for digestion and absorption, which can provide nutrition for the ducklings at the initial stage of rearing, and do not need to be fed within 24 hours after hatching. The normal body temperature of ducklings is 41.5-42.5 ℃. The feathers of ducklings are thin and short, and the unit body surface area is large. The body temperature of newborn ducklings is about 2 ℃ lower than that of adult ducklings. The function of temperature regulation is not perfect, and the ability of resisting cold and heat is poor. Suitable temperature and adequate drinking water can promote the absorption of yolk, enhance the physique and disease resistance of ducklings, and improve the survival rate.

two。 Temperature, humidity and ventilation management during the rearing period. According to the physiological characteristics of ducklings, in the first week of brooding in northern China, stable and suitable temperature and humidity should be created in the house. The temperature at the high back of the duck is generally as follows:

(1) 1 to 7 days old. 3432 ℃, the relative humidity is 65% 75%. If the humidity in the house does not reach, you should ensure adequate drinking water. Temperature regulation should be "tested by ducks", with ducklings not stacked and evenly distributed at rest. If the temperature in the house is low or the temperature changes greatly, it will cause poor absorption of yolk, reduce the resistance of ducklings, and easily lead to bacterial diseases. The higher humidity can keep the tracheal mucosa of ducklings moist, maintain the normal development of the mucosa, and avoid indoor dust. If the humidity in the house is low, the ducklings are easy to be dehydrated, which is characterized by the dryness of their beaks and toes, which affects their growth; if they are too dry, the water in the trachea mucosa of the ducklings evaporates quickly, and the mucous membrane is dry, which affects the development of cilia, and the dust in the house is easy to fly, which stimulates the respiratory tract of ducklings and causes respiratory diseases. However, the temperature and humidity should not be too high, too high, the cost of heating is high, it is difficult for ducklings to dissipate heat, feed down, affect growth, serious increase in body temperature can cause heatstroke death. Therefore, the first week of laying ducks in the north should pay attention to heat preservation and moisturizing work, especially in winter, the nursery should be closed to prevent the wind of thieves. Although the respiratory metabolism of the ducklings in the early stage of brooding is high, due to less food, less excretion and less harmful gases, the management should be dominated by heat preservation and ventilation, and regular short-time ventilation should be adopted to keep the temperature and humidity in the house stable.

(2) the second week and beyond. The temperature and humidity should be reduced gradually. The temperature at the high back of the duck is generally 31 ℃ ~ 29 ℃ at the age of 8-14 days, and then decreases by 2-3 ℃ per week, and the relative humidity in the house is reduced to 55%-65%. With the increase of the age of ducklings, the thermoregulation function of ducklings was gradually improved, and the protective function of tracheal mucosa was gradually enhanced. At this stage, the weight of ducklings increases rapidly, the amount of respiration increases, the amount of excretion and dust increases, and the harmful gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide produced by fecal fermentation in the house are large, which will irritate eyes, nose and respiratory tract and induce respiratory diseases. In the relationship between ventilation and temperature, humidity, gradually changed to ventilation, heat preservation as a supplement, to keep the air fresh in the house.

Third, ensure that the body weight at the age of 5 weeks is up to standard.

The egg duck grows fast in the early stage, and the body weight at the end of the 5th week is about 12 times of the birth weight. The body weight at the age of 5 weeks was positively correlated with the main performance indexes during the laying period, that is, the higher the body weight at the age of 5 weeks, the higher the laying performance index, and the northern area had better reach 110% of the standard body weight. At this stage, laying ducks have a higher demand for feed protein and better utilization efficiency, so they should be given a higher level of protein and provide full-price formula feed. When entering the chick, the strong and weak chicks should be raised separately, and the sick and weak chicks should be eliminated in time to improve the uniformity of the duck flock. At the same time, it is necessary to do a good job in light, food intake and drinking water management to ensure that the target weight is achieved.

Fourth, pay attention to the management of the early stage of egg production

The laying duck undertakes the dual tasks of laying and growth in the early laying stage, and the body matures at the age of 35 weeks, and the body weight basically reaches the peak. The key point in the early stage of laying is to pay close attention to the rising trend of egg laying rate and egg weight, and timely adjust the amount of feed or feed quality to promote the rapid rise of egg production rate to the peak and egg weight to reach the standard.

1. Reasonably determine the protein-energy ratio. Laying ducks feed on energy and maintain a relatively stable energy requirement. The need for energy mainly depends on the size of body weight, environmental temperature, egg laying rate and egg weight, and the relative energy requirements of nutrient elements such as protein are less affected by environmental temperature. The air temperature varies greatly in different seasons in the northern region, and the feed intake of the same fixed formula varies greatly in different seasons, which will lead to insufficient or excessive intake of other nutrients, thus affecting egg laying performance and economic benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the feed formula in different seasons and adjust the protein-energy ratio according to the ambient temperature to provide adequate, comprehensive and balanced nutrition for laying ducks. The suitable environmental temperature for adult ducks is 5: 27 ℃, and the most suitable temperature for laying ducks is 13: 20 ℃. At this time, the laying rate and feed conversion rate are the best, and the suitable egg-energy ratio is 15: 17 g / MJ. The northern region should create conditions as far as possible to achieve the best production performance.

Laying ducks have a strong ability to tolerate rough feeding and have a wide range of adaptation to dietary energy levels. The supply of feed raw materials is different between the south and the north. Self-proportioning farmers in the north should choose feed raw materials nearby according to the conditions to reduce the breeding cost, and can not follow the feed formula of the south. Under normal circumstances, during the rising stage of egg production, the body weight of laying ducks should remain unchanged or increase, and the body weight should increase or decrease greatly, indicating that there is something wrong with the feed. If you gain too much weight, you can maintain the current feeding amount or slightly reduce the energy level. With the increase of the laying rate, the body weight reaches normal, and then adjust the nutritional level appropriately. The weight should not be lost at this stage. If the weight is lost, the cause should be analyzed in time and the energy should be increased. Otherwise, the laying duck will be tired of laying eggs, the physique will decline, and the egg laying rate will rise slowly or the egg laying peak will be maintained for a short time.

two。 Adjust the feed energy level scientifically. It is reported that the laying rate of birds is little affected by metabolic energy, and the average egg weight increases significantly with the increase of metabolic energy. In the actual production, at the initial stage of egg production, with the increase of energy feed, the egg weight increased, the eggshell quality also improved, and the egg production rate increased more obviously. with the increase of energy feed in low energy level diet, the increase of egg production rate was more significant. When the energy feed was added to a certain amount, the increasing trend of egg laying rate gradually weakened. Energy determines the laying rate, and the feed energy level during the laying period is generally 11.30 ~ 10.88 megajoules / kg. If the laying rate fluctuates, or even decreases, we should first consider whether there is a problem in feed energy supply. Check whether the feed formula is stable or whether the quality of feed raw materials meets the requirements, timely adjustment, appropriate supplement of oils such as cod liver oil, the recovery effect is very good.

3. Scientifically adjust the level of feed protein. When the dietary energy level reached a certain level, the ducks could maintain a certain laying rate, and the egg weight increased gradually with the increase of feed protein level, but the egg laying rate of ducks did not increase significantly. Protein determines egg weight, and the appropriate dietary protein level during laying period is about 17% to 19%. If egg weight increases slowly, egg weight fluctuates or egg content is thin, indicating that the level of feed protein is low, the amount of protein feed should be increased or high quality protein should be used. When improving the protein level, it is necessary to carry out cost accounting, and if it is too high, the profit will be reduced.

4. Strictly control the light during the laying period. The light time in the first birth should be gradually increased, and the artificial supplementary light should be increased by 0.5 hours at a time on the basis of natural light, once every 7 days, until the light time reaches 16 hours per day. Make up the light twice every morning and evening, generally turn on the lights from 5am to sunrise, and turn off the lights at sunset to 21:00 in the evening. Conditional duck farmers can install automatic control instruments to switch lights on and off automatically. After the light time is stable, it is not allowed to increase or decrease at will, and the lights should be turned on in cloudy and rainy weather, which is the main measure to ensure high and stable yield. Lighting with 25 watts or 40 watts of a bulb is better, the height is 2 meters above the ground, evenly distributed, 2 watts per square meter of duck house, in order to make the light shine evenly. The light bulb had better install the lampshade, should wipe frequently, maintain the light intensity. This point is mostly ignored in raising egg ducks in the north. If the night is illuminated by low light all night, stress lights should be prepared. Sudden power outages and other small animals entering the duck house at night will disturb the ducks, cause trample damage to each other, and cause yolk peritonitis.

5. Prevent "wet hair" disease of laying ducks. Duck houses are closed in winter because of the cold in the north. Due to the great difference in temperature and humidity inside and outside the duck house, the moisture in the house can easily invade the depths of the duck feathers, and the condensed water at the top of the house will also drop onto the duck, which is not easy to evaporate, and it is more difficult to dry in time in foggy weather, resulting in the phenomenon of "wet hair". This phenomenon often occurs in weak and malnourished ducks. The feather of "wet feather" duck lost oily, its heat preservation ability was poor, its body was wet and cold, its energy consumption was high, its physique declined rapidly, and its production began to decrease after 2 days. In the duck activities, do not want to go into the water, after the water is easy to soak feathers, serious "submerged" phenomenon. When building a duck house in the north, the inner wall of the roof should be covered with a non-dripping film to prevent water fog from condensation. Winter management should give consideration to both ventilation and heat preservation, keep the cushion dry, and drive the ducks in the house to do circle exercise and "noisy ducks" 2-3 times a day for 5-10 minutes each time, so as to improve the ducks' ability to keep out the cold. When putting ducks out of the circle, open all the plastic sheeting around the doors and windows or the duck house to eliminate the damp and turbid air in the house. In the case of "wet hair", duck bathing should be stopped and cod liver oil, electrolytic multi-dimensional and preventive drugs should be fed in time. Strengthen the ventilation of the duck house, change the cushion, keep the duck clean, put more and less, prevent the thief wind, wait for the wool to dry and then go into the water to take a bath.

Points for attention in raising egg ducks in the north:

The cultivation of ducklings

Temperature 1-day-old ducks, 36 ℃; 2-7 days old, 36-28 ℃; 8-14 days, 28-21 ℃; 15-30 days, 21-16 ℃.

The temperature of brooding should not be too high. The relative temperature in the first week should be 70%-75%, and then the average temperature should be maintained at 55%-60%.

On the basis of ensuring the room temperature, the air should be ventilated as much as possible to keep the air fresh in the house.

The light intensity and time were decreased gradually after the second week, and the natural light was used from the third week. Use low light at night to illuminate all night.

The density was 1 week old, 35 × 25 / m ~ 2 / m ~ 2 at 4 weeks, 25 ~ 20 / m ~ 2 at 8 weeks, 20 / m ~ 2 at 9 / 16 weeks, 8 / m ~ 2 and laying ducks at 8 / m ~ 2.

Feed water about 24 hours after getting out of the shell, and an appropriate amount of brown sugar can be added to the water. The food can be eaten after the water is supplied, and the raw rice is used as feed. The ducklings at the age of 10 days were fed 6 times per day for 11 days and 5 times per day.

Feeding and Management of Young Egg Duck

Key points of management: appropriately strengthen exercise, promote development, prevent overweight; have more contact with ducks to improve their courage and prevent panic; overnight low-light lighting in the house; strengthen epidemic prevention and control work; establish a stable work and rest system, and have a fixed management procedure every day.

Feeding young laying ducks has the advantages of fast growth rate, large feed intake and strong utilization ability of green roughage.

Factors affecting the laying of laying ducks

Variety factors such as laying rate, laying cycle, duration and egg weight are all directly related to the variety. Therefore, excellent breeding and laying ducks are the prerequisites for high yield.

Nutritional factors the demand for nutrition of laying ducks is higher than at all previous stages, so adequate nutrients must be provided in the diet.

Environmental factors during the laying period, the light of the duck house is 1.5 watts / m2, the height is 2 meters, and the light bulb is generally less than 60 watts. The suitable ambient temperature for adult ducks and laying ducks is 5-27 ℃ and 13-20 ℃ respectively.