Planting techniques of Lycium barbarum in Ningxia

1. The sandy loam and silted land with flat topography, good drainage and irrigation, sufficient sunshine, deep soil layer and fertile soil should be selected in the land selection, land preparation and seedling cultivation. Applying farm manure 2500~4000kg per mu, ploughing 21~25cm deeply, raking fine and leveling, making wide flat beds of 90cm, to be sown.

2. Seed propagation is the main method of propagation, and cutting and striping can also be used.

(1) Seedling raising: nurturing seedlings. The seeds can be sown in spring, summer and autumn, with spring sowing in March, summer sowing in May to July, and autumn sowing in early and middle August. The selected seeds, in the whole border, 35~40cm according to the row spacing, sow in a trench deep in 3cm, cover the soil with compaction, pour water thoroughly, and cover the grass to preserve moisture. When the temperature is 17-21 ℃, the seedlings can emerge in 5-7 days. When the seedling height is 6cm, the seedling height is 6~9cm, and the seedling height 25cm is fixed according to the plant distance 15cm. Fertilization and watering should be applied to promote the growth of seedlings. When the seedling height is above 30cm, the basal lateral branches can be removed in time; above 40cm, the upper lateral branches can remain 2-3; when the 60cm is high, the tip is removed to make the trunk and lateral branches stout. When the stem base is as thick as 0.7~1cm, it can be transplanted.

(2) transplanting: from late March to early April in spring and around "Cold Dew" in autumn. The pit was dug according to the row spacing of 2m × 2.5m in the planted plot, and the width and depth of the pit were 30cm respectively. Apply human and animal dung 2~2.5kg in each pit, mix with the soil, put the seedlings in the human pit, 1-2 plants in each pit, let the root system extend around, fill the soil and lift the seedlings up a little, so that the root neck is flat with the ground, and then fill the soil, solid. After watering, the base is covered with loose soil to preserve soil moisture. The cuttings, ramets, striping and grafting of asexual reproduction are generally not used.

3. Field management

The main results are as follows: (1) Young trees cultivate soil: young Lycium barbarum trees grow fast, the branches are prosperous, and the crown expands rapidly, but the trunk is thinner, so it is easy to be bent and blown down by strong wind. A mound with about 25cm height should be formed at the base of the trunk to support the young trees, or to cut the crown and reduce the upper weight.

(2) ploughing and loosening soil: after thawing in early spring every year, turn 15cm deep between rows (shallower under the crown) to loosen the soil, preserve soil moisture and increase temperature, and promote root growth. Turn 20~25cm deeply between rows in early winter (no root injury under the crown), improve soil physical structure and ventilation, and turn weeds in the underground fertile field. Pay attention to loosening the soil and weeding during the growing period, so as not to harden the ground and keep the ground free of weeds.

(3) topdressing and watering: adult trees should re-apply base fertilizer, combined with garden topdressing fertilizer 2500~3000kg circle fertilizer or cake fertilizer 1O0kg every early winter, by deep application of ring-shaped trench under the edge of the crown (ditch width 20~25cm, deep 30~40cm). The amount of fertilizer applied to young trees should be reduced appropriately. In addition, quick-acting fertilizer, urea or ammonium phosphate compound fertilizer should be applied for 2 or 3 times in spring branch development period and flower and fruit growth period. According to the weather conditions, combined with topdressing, timely watering, in order to meet the water requirements. Pay attention to watering not too much, stagnant water should be discharged in time.

(4) stereotyped pruning: Lycium barbarum has strong branching power, and it must be reasonably shaped and pruned in order to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions and achieve the goal of high yield. Young tree type: in the year of planting, the top is cut at the trunk 60cm. Under the cut mouth, 10~20cm Fan left 3 or 5 evenly distributed and stout branches as the main branches, and cut them around the 20cm. In the second year, the new branches from the main branches were truncated at 20~25cm and used as backbone branches. In the third year, the new branches on the backbone branches were cut short to make them produce small lateral branches to enrich the crown. After 5-6 years of shaping and pruning, the height of the tree reached 1.5-2m, the diameter of the upper crown was about 1.5m, and the lower crown reached 2m. After the Chinese wolfberry tree is formed, it enters a large number of fruiting period. The main purpose of pruning is to get rid of the old and renew the fruit branches. The principle of pruning in spring, summer and autumn is to cut off withered branches, disease and insect branches, friction branches, sweeping branches and thinning too dense branches.

(5) Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

1) Lycium barbarum black fruit disease: the pathogen is anthrax, a half-known fungus in fungi. It is an important disease in the cultivation of Chinese wolfberry in Hebei, Shandong and Shaanxi, which mainly harms green fruits, buds and flowers. The high temperature and rainy weather occurs in summer, and it is serious when the air humidity is high. The green fruit becomes black when it is infected with disease, and there is orange mucus in the disease part under wet conditions, that is, the molecular spore pile of the pathogen.

Prevention and control methods: strengthen water and fertilizer management in winter and spring; light pruning in winter to promote spring fruit to bear more and precocious fruit, avoid the peak period of disease; control fertilizer and water in summer, heavy pruning, give up summer fruit; clear garden in winter, branches and leaves are burned or buried deeply; after flowering, spray prevention with wettable mandarin 500x solution or 800x bacilli special solution; early stage of the disease, spray with Bordeaux solution or 1000-fold solution.

2) Gray spot of Lycium barbarum (CercosporalyciiElletHalst.): harmful leaf, the disease spot is nearly round, the center is gray-white, the edge is brown, mostly produce light brown mildew on the back of the leaf, when the humidity is high, it is easy to occur.

Prevention and cure method: spray with 1V 1.5 300 times Bordeaux solution or 65% Dyson zinc 500 solution.

3) the root rot of Lycium barbarum (Fusariumsp.): it harms the root, occurs in the middle and late June, and is serious from July to August. At the initial stage, the root blackened and gradually rotted, then the aboveground part shrunk and the whole plant withered. Prevention and cure method: pour the root with 50% topiramate 1000-1500 solution.

4) Chinese wolfberry fruit fly [Neoceratitisasiatica (Becker)]: harms young fruit. The pupae overwintered in the soil, the adults mated on the trees in May, laid eggs in the young pericarp, and the hatched larvae ate meat in the pericarp. The second generation occurred in mid-late July, and the third generation occurred from late August to early September.

Control method: spray dichlorvos emulsion 1000 times or 40% dimethoate EC 1500 times every 7-10 days for 3 times continuously. Poisonous soil can also be used to destroy the newly emerged adults in the soil, or the fruit can be removed manually.

5) Lycium barbarum aphids (Aphissp.): harm to young buds. It happens one generation a year. The egg overwinters in axillary buds or rough places. The damage began when the spring shoots were pulled out from late April to early May the following year. The harm is the most serious from the middle of May to the middle and late July. Prevention and cure method: 20% dimethoate emulsion 2000-4000 times liquid, spray once every 7-10 days, spray three times in succession, have certain effect.

6) Chinese wolfberry planthopper (PoratriozasinicaYangetLi): adults and nymphs pierce the epidermis of host branches and leaves with piercing mouthparts to suck tree sap, which makes early defoliation, especially nymphs, more serious. There are three or four generations in a year. The adults overwintered under the withered leaves in the field, began to move in late April, seriously damaged from June to October, and overwintered in October. Control method: see prevention and control of Lycium barbarum fruit fly.

7) Chinese wolfberry gall mite (AceriamacrodonisKeller): the insect body is harmful in the galls. In severe cases, the galls can cover the whole leaves and deform the leaves, buds and fruits. It happens for many generations a year. Adult mites survive the winter in bark and bud scales. When the overwintering buds began to spread their leaves in the middle and late April of the following year, the adults migrated from the overwintering site to the new leaves to lay eggs, while the nymphs invaded human plant tissue, causing galls. When the new branches flourished in the middle of May, the gall mites on the biennial branches climbed out of the galls and spread to the new branches. In the peak period of early June, the end of August, and the growth of autumn shoots in middle and late August, they transferred to the new shoots, reached the second peak in September and dormant in the middle of November. Prevention and control methods: 0.5 Bomei lime-sulfur mixture can be sprayed every 7-10 days, four times continuously, or 1500 times of 50% dimethoate emulsion.

8) Lycium barbarum negative mud worm (LemadecempunctataScopoli): adults and larvae endanger the leaves, the leaves are notched or perforated, and when serious, the leaves are completely eaten. Three generations a year. The adults overwintered in the shade of the field and the damage was serious from June to July. Control methods: from July to August, 40% dimethoate emulsion 1500 ~ 2000 times and dichlorvos emulsion 1500 times were sprayed once every 7 ~ 10 days for 3 times in a row.

4. Selection and breeding of improved varieties

Choose hemp leaf wolfberry, hemp leaf wolfberry these two varieties of Chinese wolfberry tree, choose stout branches, take the upper branch of the crown is better. Before spring germination, the weak ones grow long branches or about 10-15cm, with a diameter of about 0.4cm, the upper end is cut into a flat mouth, the lower end is cut into a wedge, and the cuttings with 2 or 4 buds are buried in the sand pit to raise seedlings. The cultivation of excellent varieties of Lycium barbarum can only be done by asexual propagation to keep the varieties from degeneration.

Harvest and processing

The fruits of Lycium barbarum in Ningxia were red and ripe from June to November, harvested in time, dried in the sun when there was no rain, and dried in overcast and rainy days. The sun is placed on the mat, spread evenly, about 10 days can be dry, do not turn indiscriminately in the sun, so as not to blacken the quality. The drying is divided into three stages, and the temperature is controlled at 40: 45 in the early 24-36 hours. C; when the fruit wrinkles soften, it can be heated to 50 ℃, after 36 to 48 hours, the fruit will shrink and wrinkle, and the final temperature will reach 55 ℃, which can be dried for about 2 days. 4~4.5kg fresh fruit processing 1kg dry products.

Ningxia wolfberry with large grains, thick meat, small seeds, red color, soft quality and sweet taste is the best.