Planting techniques and benefits of okra

Okra has not been introduced in China for a long time and its range is very small. It is mainly used for export to Japan and other places. At present, there is great potential for okra production and export, and planting several trees in each household is of great significance to improve daily life and improve people's health. Okra has the advantages of strong adaptability, exuberant growth, few diseases and insect pests, easy to plant okra, few gardeners, less seed, low cost, high benefit and so on. Now the planting techniques are introduced as follows:

[environmental requirements]

1. Temperature okra likes warmth, is afraid of cold, and has strong heat resistance. When the air temperature is 13 ℃ and the ground temperature is about 15 ℃, the seeds can germinate. However, the optimum temperature for seed germination and growth period was 25-30 ℃. When the monthly average temperature is lower than 17 ℃, the flowering and fruiting is affected, while when the night temperature is below 14 ℃, the growth is slow, the plant is short, the leaf is narrow, the flowering is less, and the flower drop is more. 26-28 ℃ has many blossoms at suitable temperature, high fruit setting rate, rapid fruit development, high yield and good quality.

two。 Moisture okra is resistant to drought and moisture, but not to waterlogging. The excessive soil moisture during the germination period is easy to induce seedling blight. During the fruiting period, the soil should always be kept moist because of the drought, poor plant growth and poor quality.

3. Okra is particularly sensitive to light conditions, requiring long light time and sufficient light. Sunny land should be selected, ventilation should be strengthened, and reasonable close planting should be paid attention to so as not to shade each other and affect ventilation and light transmission.

4. Soil nutrition okra has wide adaptability to soil and does not choose soil fertility, but it is more suitable for loam or sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage. Nitrogen is the main fertilizer in the early stage of growth, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is needed in the middle and later stage. However, if there is too much nitrogen fertilizer, the plant is easy to grow, the flowering and fruiting is delayed, and the node position of fruit setting is increased; insufficient nitrogen fertilizer and poor plant growth affect flowering and fruit setting.

[reproduction]

1. The germination period of sowing to 2 cotyledons flattening is the germination period, which takes about 10 to 15 days. Sowing at 25: 30 ℃ and sowing for 4: 5 days, the soil can be germinated. It usually takes about 7 days for direct seeding seedlings to be unearthed in the open field, and plastic film mulching can produce seedlings 2-4 days in advance.

two。 It takes about 40 to 45 days from 2 cotyledons to the first flower blooming in the seedling stage. After the general cotyledons were fully expanded, the first true leaf unfolded after 15-25 days. After that, a true leaf occurs every 2-4 days, in which the first two true leaves are round. The growth is slow in the seedling stage, especially when the ground temperature is too low.

3. The flowering and fruiting period takes about 85 to 120 days from the beginning of flowering to the end of harvest. It takes 50-55 days after emergence, and the first flower blooms immediately. The first and second flowers take a little longer from flowering to harvest. Later, with the increase of temperature, the harvest time shortened. It is usually harvested for the first time about 70 days after sowing. It can be harvested 4 days after flowering at a temperature of 28 ℃ in the day and 18 ℃ in the night. Okra grows faster and grows stronger after flowering and fruiting, especially at high temperature. It spreads a true leaf every 3 days in July and 4-5 days in September.

[open field cultivation]

1. Okra likes warmth and is afraid of frost in the cultivation season. The whole growth period should be arranged in the frost-free period, and the flowering and fruiting period should be in the warm and humid season. Cultivation in the open field, sowing in April to June in the north and south, and harvest in July to October. The seeds in North China are usually sown from mid-late April to May. Seedlings are raised in solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses commonly used in cold areas in the north, and then planted in the field after frost in early spring and evening.

2. For soil preparation, continuous cropping of okra is not allowed, and it can not be mixed with fruits and vegetables to avoid root-knot nematodes. It is best to choose root vegetables, leaf vegetables and so on as the previous stubble. The soil layer is deep, fertile and loose, and it is more suitable to conserve water and fertilizer. After harvest before winter, ploughing deeply in time, 75000 kg of rotten barnyard manure and 300kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer were applied per hectare. Open-field cultivation is often used in two ways: first, large and small rows of 70 cm, small rows of 45 cm, border width of 200 cm, 4 rows of each row, plant spacing of 40 cm; second, narrow ridge double-row planting, ridge width of 100 cm, two rows of each ridge, row spacing of 70 cm, plant spacing of 40 cm, furrow width of 50 cm. If planted in a single row at the edge of the field, roadside and riverside, the plant spacing is 60 cm, 3 plants per hole, ventilated and transparent, easy to manage.

3. Sowing and raising seedlings

(1) Multi-line live broadcast of okra. Soak the seeds for 12 hours before sowing, and then put them under 25: 30 ℃ to promote germination. About 24 hours later, the seeds begin to sprout, and the seeds are sown when 60% to 70% of the seeds are "broken." It is appropriate to sow in holes, with 3 plants in each hole and a depth of 2 cm to 3 cm. All localities should sow seeds at the right time after the final frost period, watering first, then sowing, and then covering about 2 cm of soil. Direct seeding use 10 kg per hectare, seedling transplanting about 3 kg per hectare.

(2) the method of seedling transplanting in northern China is more than sowing and raising seedlings in sunny beds and solar greenhouses in the first and middle of March. The bed soil is made of 6 parts of garden soil, 3 parts of mature organic fertilizer and 1 part of fine sand. Soak seeds to promote germination before sowing, flatten the seedling bed, sow on demand according to the row spacing of 10 cm, and cover the soil with a thickness of about 2 cm. The bed soil temperature should be kept at 25 ℃ after sowing and germinated and unearthed in 4-5 days. The seedling age was 30-40 days and the seedlings were colonized with 2-3 true leaves. It is best to adopt measures such as plastic bowls, nutritious soil blocks and other root protection measures to cultivate strong seedlings of the right age.

4. Field management

(1) when the seedlings break their hearts, it is the first time that the seedlings are broken, and the weak seedlings are removed from time to time. When there are 3 true leaves for the second time, strong seedlings are selected. 3The seedlings were fixed when there were 4 true leaves, and 1 plant was left in each hole.

(2) after weeding and soil cultivation, the temperature of seedlings is relatively low, so it should be ploughed twice in a row to increase the soil temperature and promote slow seedling. The first flower should be ploughed before blooming in order to squat seedlings moderately to facilitate root development. After flowering and fruiting, the plant growth is accelerated. After each watering and topdressing, the plant should be intertilled, and the soil should be cultivated before closing ridges to prevent the plant from lodging. Summer rainstorm windy areas, it is best to choose about 1 meter bamboo pole, or branches inserted near the plant to prevent lodging.

(3) watering and fertilization

① watering okra requires higher air and soil moisture during growth. Artificial sprinkler irrigation should be done in the morning and evening when there is a shortage of water within 20 days after sowing. After the seedlings are slightly larger, mechanical sprinkler irrigation or furrow irrigation can be used. The summer season is in the peak harvest season of okra, with large water demand and high surface temperature, so it should be watered before 9 o'clock in the morning and after sunset in the afternoon to avoid root damage under high temperature. Pay attention to drainage in the rainy season to prevent dead seedlings. The whole growing period is to keep the soil moist.

On the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer, ② topdressing should be properly topdressing, not partial application of nitrogen fertilizer. The first time was Qimiao fertilizer, which was carried out after emergence, applying urea 90-120 kg per hectare. The second time is to raise seedling fertilizer, fixed seedlings or planting after opening ditches to withdraw application, per hectare application of compound fertilizer 225,300kg. Re-application of fertilizer during the flowering and fruiting period, 30000-45000 kg of human manure, or 300kg-450kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer. In the middle and later stage of growth, a small amount of topdressing should be applied for many times to prevent plant premature senescence.

(4) Plant adjustment under normal conditions, okra plants grow vigorously, the main and lateral branches are stout, the leaves are hypertrophy, and the flowering and fruiting are often delayed. Twisting branches can be adopted, that is, the petiole is twisted into a curved sag to control vegetative growth. In the middle and later stage of growth, the timely removal of the old leaves below the tender fruit can not only improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions, reduce nutrient consumption, but also prevent the spread of diseases and insect pests. Picking the heart of the young fruit harvester at the right time can promote the lateral branch fruit and increase the early yield. Picking the heart in time can promote the ripening of the fruit, make the grain full and improve the seed quality.

5. It takes about 60 days to harvest okra from sowing to the formation of the first tender fruit. After that, the whole harvest period is as long as 60-70 days, and the whole growth period is about 120 days, or even longer. The picking standard of okra commercial fresh fruit is that the fruit is 8cm long, the fruit appearance is bright green, and the seeds in the fruit are not aging. If the harvest is not timely, the meat quality is aging, the fiber is increased, and the edible value of the commodity is greatly reduced. In general, after the first fruit is harvested, it is harvested every 2-4 days at the initial stage, and the harvest interval is shortened with the increase of temperature. During the full fruit period in August, it is harvested every day or every other day. After September, the temperature dropped and harvested once every 3-4 days. When harvesting, it is appropriate to use scissors and put on gloves to avoid stabbing the skin with bristles or tumors on stems, leaves and fruits. Wash them with soapy water or roast lightly on fire to reduce the pain and itching. Usually, the tender fruit is harvested 4 days after flower fade, and the quality is the best. The yield per hectare is about 1500kg to 3000kg.

6. Pest control

The virus is mainly a virus. The disease is transmitted by aphids. Aphids should be controlled in time. In the early stage of plant disease, foliar spray of virus A500 × 800 times or 83-antibody enhancers 100 times could be used, once every 5-7 days, for 3 times.

Insect pests are mainly aphids and ants, 50% aldicarb or aphid spray wettable powder 2000-2500 times, or 40% dimethoate EC 1000 times spray control.

Income analysis

Okra has a growth period of 7 months, and it can be intercropped with Toona sinensis, that is, after the Toona sinensis tree is removed in April, okra is transplanted into it, so that the cost of building a greenhouse can be saved. Here the cost is calculated according to the rebuilding of the greenhouse.

◆ input

Greenhouse construction cost: the current price level is about 13000 yuan, under normal circumstances, it can be used for 6 to 8 years, according to the usable 6 years, the annual depreciation is about 2167 yuan.

Contract land fee: the contract fee varies from place to place, which is calculated according to 1000 yuan.

Seed cost: about 100 yuan.

Fertilizer cost: only 500 million 800 yuan per mu of land, calculated as 800 yuan here.

Cost of water and electricity: 200 yuan.

Labor cost: about 3000 yuan. Farmers develop their own small-scale cultivation, regardless of labor costs.

Total investment: 7267 yuan

◆ output

The yield of okra is 220002500kg per mu. According to the price of 15 yuan / kg and the yield of 2200 kg per mu, the income per mu can reach 33000 yuan.

◆ income

22000 yuan-7267 yuan = 25733 yuan.