High-yield cultivation techniques of planting leek how to grow leek

Varieties: varieties with good quality, high yield, low temperature tolerance, short dormancy period and strong resistance are selected. Sowing: the temperature of emergence is 15-18 ℃, and the germination of seedlings is generally 10-15 days. Seedling stage: apply sufficient base fertilizer, intensive ploughing and rake, remove the plastic film in about 5 days. Land preparation and transplanting: deep ploughing and ploughing for 2-3 times, application of 10, 000 kilograms of basic fertilizer per mu, north-south row to make beds, planting about 300000 plants per mu. Post-planting management: timely watering, reasonable fertilization, timely weeding, active control of diseases and insect pests.

Leek is rich in nutrition and contains a lot of vitamin An and cellulose, which plays a certain role in regulating the nutritional concentration of the human body, stimulating the intestines and stomach and helping food digestion. In order to get a higher income from leek, I would like to share some cultivation measures for vegetable farmers' reference:

I. characteristic characteristics

The main results are as follows: 1. Leek is a stringy whisker root, which grows at and around the base of the stem. The root is 20-30cm long and 0.15-0.25cm thick, and each plant has about 10-20 roots. 3-5 thin lateral roots can occur below the middle of the thicker fibrous root, and most of the roots are distributed in the soil layer of 3-20cm. It has the function of storing nutrients in addition to the function of absorbing water, oxygen and inorganic salt. The phenomenon of dead root and root replacement appeared after 3 years.

2. The stem is divided into bulbs and pseudostems, and the bulbs gradually become woody with production, forming rootlike stout branches, and the outside is densely rooted, so it is called "rhizome" and can live for 2-3 years. "leek" above there are multiple layers of leaf sheaths clasped with each other, the stem is called pseudostem. Grow leaves, bolting, blossom and bear fruit through the stage of development.

3. The leaf of leaf leek is composed of leaf sheath leaves, the adult plant has 5-11 leaves, and the leaves grow on the stem disc, which has a lot to do with the storage nutrients in the leek. Leek requires higher soil moisture (85-95% relative water content) and lower air humidity (70-80% relative humidity). Under the condition of high temperature and low light, drought and hypoxia, the leek leaf tissue is rough, the fiber hardens and the quality decreases.

4. The 1000-seed weight of leek seed is 4-5g, the seed coat is hard and the life span is short. Under general conditions, it is only stored for about a year, so fresh seeds should be used in production. It can germinate at 2-3 ℃, store nutrients in the rhizome and make the stem and leaf grow slowly at 3-5 ℃. It can be produced in the area of-36.5℃, about 45 °north latitude. The seeds sown in April can produce ramets when they have 5-6 leaves.

II. Environmental requirements

1. The temperature leaf can withstand the low temperature of-4-5 ℃, the leaf can wither only when-6-10 ℃, the optimum temperature for growth is 13-20 ℃, the growth is slow over 24 ℃, the seeds can germinate at 2-3 ℃, and the seedling can germinate fastest at 20 ℃.

2. The required temperature during the seedling growth period is more than 12 ℃, and the required temperature is about 23 ℃. After that, the requirement for each knife is gradually increased, and the maximum is not more than 30 ℃.

3. In the production of light, the product formation period prefers weak light, when the product is too weak, the plant growth is inhibited, the mesophyll tissue is thick and hard, the cellulose increases, and the quality becomes worse.

4. Water leek is a semi-wet vegetable, which should not be short of water at the seedling stage, and the soil is dry and wet at the growth stage. The relative water content is between 70-90%. In the vigorous growth stage, the relative humidity of the soil is 80-95%. At this time, root retting should be strictly prevented.

5. Soil leek has wide adaptability to soil, but requires high content of organic matter. Because chives are mostly sown, grown and harvested in the same year, the period of root cultivation is short, and the soil fertility is required to be high to achieve high yield, but attention should be paid to continuous cropping.

III. Variety selection

1. It is required to have the advantages of good quality, high yield, low temperature tolerance, short dormancy period, strong resistance and so on.

2. The common varieties cultivated in large and small greenhouses are Sai Song, 001 Xuan 1, 001-1 and so on.

3. The varieties cultivated in greenhouse are 791, Chinese leek, Malan leek, single root red, etc., and the varieties cultivated in open field are Jiaxing white root, flat leek No. 4 and so on.

Fourth, sow seeds at the right time

The main results are as follows: 1. The optimum temperature for leek germination is 15-18 ℃, and the seedling germination is generally 10-15 days. The sowing time in the "Golden Triangle" area should be determined to start sowing in Ching Ming Festival (April 5), and the soil preparation should be done early. Creating soil moisture is one of the key measures for sowing in our land.

2. First of all, apply sufficient base fertilizer, fine rake, line positioning, sow seeds evenly in the field, step on the ground after sowing (flat shoes), water again when the soil moisture is insufficient for 3-4 days, spray 25% 180 times of herbicide ether or 150 times of promethazine (strict operation rules) after the land is dry, and finally cover the mulch.

V. Seedling management

Remove the plastic film after 1 or 5 days and check the soil moisture and germination

2. If the moisture is not good, add water to the pot and sprinkle it.

3. Loosen the soil, hoe and weed (pull up the grass in the hour)

4. stir-fry with bran and sprinkle with medicine to kill mole cricket, grub and other pests around the seedling bed.

5. After 40 days, Miao Ling was sprayed with topiramate, chlorothalonil, trimethoprim and other solutions.

6. Once a week before transplanting, water and 1 kg of sugar solution were applied, and mancozeb or carbendazim was sprayed once at seedling emergence.

VI. Land preparation and transplanting

1. Land preparation should be ploughed and ploughed 2-3 times, ploughing, ploughing and harrowing are deeper than 20cm.

2. Apply 10,000 kg base fertilizer, 100 kg enzyme bacterial fertilizer, 100 kg calcium superphosphate, 50 kg ammonium bicarbonate and 100 kg cake fertilizer per mu.

3. Planting about 300000 trees per mu in the north-south line.

4. pour the seedling water after transplanting, and then pour it thoroughly.

5. Do not use onions, garlic or leeks in the previous crop.

VII. Post-planting management

1. Watering: generally, we should grasp the principle of wet and dry in the early stage, watering once in 10-15 days and once in the later 15-20 days. 20 days after transplanting, water control promotes the root system of seedlings to tie down, and watering can be combined with fertilization.

2. Fertilization: it is best to spray fertilizer king or enzyme bacterial fertilizer produced in Beijing at seedling stage for 3-4 times (according to the required amount).

3. Pulling grass, killing grass waste, ploughing, loosening soil to preserve soil moisture

4. Spray fungicides (chlorothalonil, carbendazim, trimethoprim, metalaxyl, mancozeb, alum, etc.) every 10 days or so.

VIII. Cultivation in plastic shed

1. Temperature management and release after buckling the film.

Leek is a kind of vegetable that likes cold and cool. In greenhouse and arch shed, due to high humidity and weak light, high temperature will not cause the quality of leek to deteriorate, but when the temperature is high, it will make the leek grow too fast, the leaves are delicate, and the disease resistance decreases. This is an important reason for improper temperature management to introduce rotten leek.

At the same time, too high temperature, if coupled with lack of moisture, will also cause chives dry tip. Therefore, strict control of the temperature during the growth period of leek is of decisive significance to ensure the robust growth of leek and prevent the occurrence of rotten leek.

The temperature management of leek greenhouse should be mastered according to needs and possibilities. before the leek does not germinate after stubble and harvest, the temperature can be as high as possible to promote ground temperature and promote leek germination as soon as possible.

When the leek grows out of the ground, the temperature must be strictly controlled. During the growth period of the first knife leek, the daytime temperature should be controlled at 17-23 ℃, and try not to make it exceed 24 ℃. A more stringent requirement is that 2-3 hours are not allowed to exceed 25 ℃ and 1-2 hours are not allowed to exceed 27 ℃. During the growth period of each knife, the upper limit of temperature can be 2-3 ℃ higher than that of the knife, but try not to exceed 30 ℃.

In the early stage of the leek shed produced in autumn, the external temperature is high, and the indoor temperature is easy to exceed the temperature upper limit, so we should pay more attention to control the temperature not to be too high. When the temperature is high, not only the leek grows too fast, the rotten leek is serious, but also the growth period of chive is shortened, the opportunity of compensating nutrients to the root is reduced, and the market price is also affected.

If the temperature is high, it should be solved by letting out. In autumn, the initial external temperature of the leek buckle shed is high, but after the cold weather, especially after the "Huiqing" leek buckle shed germinates, it is generally not allowed to put the bottom wind, when the cold wind blows the leek leaves directly to cause frostbite, a cold and a hot will also appear rotten leek. In the severe winter season, the ventilation only emphasizes the opening of the upper outlet. If the humidity is high and the temperature is high, the lower vent can also be opened at the same time. This not only makes the humidity down, ammonia gas out, but also can effectively control the temperature is not too high, to prevent rotten leek has a better role.

Temperature management also has a problem of mastering night temperature. The low temperature at night, especially the large temperature difference between day and night, is very easy to cause leaf condensation or the formation of water film, which creates conditions for the germination and invasion of pathogens, which will cause the sudden occurrence of diseases. Therefore, the night temperature of leek greenhouse should not be too low, and it is appropriate to keep 10-12 ℃ during the growth period of leek, but sometimes the external temperature is too low, so it is difficult to guarantee the night temperature. Therefore, in order to maintain a high night temperature, we must strengthen the heat preservation at night. Some farmers think that Chinese chives are not afraid of freezing and can even endure a low temperature of about 0 ℃, and often ignore the heat preservation of leek greenhouse (greenhouse), which is wrong.

2. Cultivate the soil step by step

When each chive grows about 10 cm high from the plant, on the basis of loosening the soil in the early stage, take the soil from the rows to the leek root, cultivate the soil 3-4 cm each time, and co-cultivate the soil 2-3 times with the growth of leek. Finally, it is cultivated into a small high ridge of 10 cm. Soil cultivation has four functions:

First, it can soften the pseudostem and improve the quality of leek.

Second, ditch watering is suitable for greenhouse, and a small high ridge is formed after soil cultivation, which provides the possibility for ditch watering.

Third, for some varieties, such as Jiaxing white root, it has the effect of supporting the lower leaf to prevent lower drape.

Fourth, through the cultivation of soil, some outward opening plants, such as Henan 791 flat leek No. 2, are squeezed into the center of the ridge, which is beneficial to improve ventilation and light transmission between rows, increase ground temperature, reduce diseases, grow and thrive, and facilitate harvesting.

3. Fertilizer and water management and humidity regulation

Before the buckle shed has been watered, including "Huiqing" leek anti-freezing water and preserve moisture, generally close to the buckle shed should not be watered again. If watered, it will lead to slow indoor heating, high humidity, easy to occur, and indoor work is also very inconvenient. Generally speaking, the soil moisture formed in front of the buckle shed can meet the needs of the germination and early growth of chives, so watering is generally not emphasized after the shed. It is only required to water the leek 3-5 days before harvest to increase yield. This watering has two functions: one is to increase the yield and keep the stems and leaves fresh and tender; the other is to make enough soil moisture to provide water conditions for the germination and early growth of chives. This is because after the leek is harvested until the leek grows to 7-10 cm, the wound cannot be watered because the wound has not yet fully healed. Increasing water production can solve this practical problem.

In order to promote the yield increase of this knife leek and under knife leek, the fertilizer can be applied along with the water when watering the yield increase water. According to the requirements, it is better to apply enzyme bacterial fertilizer this time. In the past, we used ammonium nitrate to make the stems and leaves contain high nitrite, which is a substance that causes cancer, so it is now forbidden to be used on leafy vegetables. The advantage is that it can change the light leaf color of some leek varieties. After applying enzyme bacterial fertilizer, the clear water can be poured again, or it can be dissolved outdoors and irrigated with water.

The above watering method is a watering mode commonly used in various facilities covered with plastic film in the past. The understanding of this watering mode is that when there is little water vapor escaping from the plastic film cover, this watering can not only meet the water needs of leek germination and growth, but also avoid diseases caused by excessive air humidity.

However, in recent years, some farmers have found that timely watering helps to promote the growth of leek during the growth period of leek, especially when it is found that the growth of leek slows down.

Therefore, some farmers broke the above watering pattern and added 1-2 water during the growth period of each knife and leek. The author saw that in the middle shed covered with three layers of film, the leek was watered every 7-10 days during its growth, and the ground remained muddy. This approach may not be desirable, but whether we need to adhere to the existing model when we water the leek in the buckle shed is also a new inspiration.

Leek leaves like to dry, the air humidity should not be large, generally try not to make the relative humidity exceed 83%. High humidity, especially the appearance of foliar condensation or water film. It is easy to cause diseases.

The effective way to reduce humidity is to vent the air and dehumidify. However, the ventilation of winter solar greenhouse is usually based on temperature, and it begins to release only when the temperature exceeds the upper limit to restrain the temperature rise. Therefore, to control the humidity of the greenhouse not to make it too high, we should also focus on reducing ground water evaporation and strengthening heat preservation so as not to make the temperature too low at night.

4. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

The main pest after buckling is root maggot. In the leek field where there is no timely use of medicine in the open-field root raising stage or near the buckle shed, a large number of overwintering larvae or pupae may enter the greenhouse and continue to cause harm.

In the greenhouse, it is sometimes found that patches of leek are shrunk, sparse, and even die constantly, which is usually the result of the concentration of root maggots.

Discover this kind of situation should peel open leek root to examine in time, if it is true that the harm of leek maggot should be treated with medicine in time. At present, there are two points to pay attention to in the use of drugs for the prevention and treatment of maggots:

First, it is necessary to strictly prohibit the continued use of highly toxic pesticides such as 3911, 1605 and carbofuran. Some farmers think that root maggots are difficult to treat, and the more poisonous pesticides are used, the better they are. do they not know that this is very dangerous and is not allowed in technical specifications. In fact, the use of Lesiben has a good control effect, only in line with the technical specifications.

The second is to use the medicine regularly according to the technical requirements, and do not wait for the root maggots to cause harm before starting to use the medicine, which not only costs a lot of money but also benefits little.

The most intractable disease in the greenhouse is Botrytis cinerea (rotten leek). Comprehensive measures should be taken to control Botrytis cinerea. First of all, the temperature should not exceed the upper limit during the day, keep the temperature too low at night, and maintain a moderate temperature difference between day and night. The excess water vapor in the room should be eliminated in time.

The second is to give priority to prevention, regular medication, when the leek grows 7-10 cm, it is best to use carbendazim plus neutral washing powder, not only to spray on the plant, but also to spray strictly on the ground, in order to kill some of the remaining pathogens on the ground. After this medication, spray other pesticides, such as Metalaxyl Manganese Zinc, Sukeling, Chlorothalonil, etc., should be used once every 7 days, such as pink rust would rather be used about 10 days. Botrytis cinerea of leek can be prevented as long as prevention is given priority to.

IX. Points for attention

1. To prevent the muggy weather from raining, the leek will be harmed. The rainproof measure is watering after the rain.

2. To prevent the leek from lodging in early autumn, the measures can be set up with poles, and the two sides of the stick can be rotated to make it ventilated.

3. to prevent the first stubble from leaving high stubble during harvest, the measure is to cut flat on the ground or leave 1 cm.

4. to prevent the application of immature base fertilizers, all base fertilizers used this year must be fully mature before use.

5. pinch the buds and pinch them all when the buds appear in the leek in autumn to ensure the accumulation of nutrients.

6. Strictly prevent the application of highly toxic pesticides, only by ensuring the quality can we create the best economic benefits.