How to cultivate Loquat in Northern greenhouse

Loquat is rich in nutrition and unique in taste. Flowers, fruits, leaves and roots can be used as medicine, but it is not resistant to storage and transportation. It is a specialty fruit tree in southern China. At present, the early-maturing loquat variety Zaozhong 6 introduced by the Institute of Forestry and Fruit of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences is cultivated in greenhouse to avoid the low temperature in Beijing in winter and make loquat grow in Beijing area. The variety is very early-maturing, has strong resistance and adaptability, good high-yield performance, the size of the year is not obvious. The cultivation techniques are introduced as follows.

1. Botanical characteristics: Zaozhong 6 has early fruit, high natural fruit setting rate and no need for manual intervention. It began to bear fruit after 2 years of planting, the plant yield reached 0.5 Mel 1 kg, and after 3 years of planting, the plant yield reached 4 Mel 5 kg. The fruit is Obovate, with an average single fruit weight of 40.5 grams and a maximum fruit weight of 45 grams. The average seed of the fruit is 6.2, and the edible rate is 76.8%. After bagging, the peel and pulp are orange-red, less rust spots, medium-thick skin, not easy to peel off. The meat is tender, sweet and sour and delicious. When the fruit is not bagged, 95% of the fruit has sunburn spots, and the area is more than 50%. The fruit is smaller than the open field, but the flavor is better. The new shoot growth was carried out four times a year in the greenhouse environment, which occurred in February, May, August and early November, respectively. The initial florescence was advanced to the beginning of August, and the florescence lasted for more than 2 months.

2. Main cultivation techniques:

1. Planting. It was planted according to the north-south row in the greenhouse, and close planting was carried out. The row spacing was 2 × 1 m, with 5 trees in each row. In the sunny weather in spring, the seedlings choose one-year-old seedlings.

2. Temperature management. At the beginning of November, the greenhouse will be heated around November 20 to ensure that the lowest temperature at night is not less than 10 ℃, and the heating will stop around March 20. At the same time, pay attention to the noon temperature should not be too high, timely ventilation, keep the temperature in the greenhouse not more than 30 ℃, remove the greenhouse film and quilt in May.

3. Light management. Seedlings like scattered light, so shading nets should be built to shade when the light is strong after planting. But adult trees require enough light. Direct sunlight can easily cause sunburn, so it must be planted closely and shaded by sunshade net in summer.

4. Water and fertilizer management. Loquat likes the environment with moist air and abundant water. Thin water should be irrigated during fruit development and shoot growth, and water should be properly controlled during fruit ripening to avoid adverse consequences such as fruit cracking, fruit quality decline and delayed ripening.

Loquat is a fruit tree that needs a large amount of fertilizer, there is no obvious dormancy period, shoot 3-5 times a year, need a large amount of fertilizer. Young trees are fertilized 5-6 times a year, once every 2 months, mainly nitrogen fertilizer and thin fertilizer frequently. The adult fruiting trees are fertilized 4 times a year. Fertilizer was applied for the first time from mid-July to mid-August before flowering, and 10 kg of livestock and poultry manure was applied to the plant. The second fertilization was from late November to early December. The plant applied 5kg farm manure, 0.8Mel 1kg compound fertilizer, 0.8Mel 1kg calcium magnesium phosphate and 0.5kg urea. For the third time, in the fruit expansion period, the demand for potassium was the highest, which was 2.7 times that of nitrogen. During the period of rapid expansion of fruit in January of the following year, quick-acting fertilizers based on potassium and phosphorus were applied, and extra-root fertilization was carried out. The fourth time, namely post-fruit fertilizer, was applied in late March of the following year, before or within one week after fruit harvest, mainly nitrogen fertilizer and some organic fertilizer.

5. Flower and fruit management. Loquat has a long flowering period and mainly uses head flower in greenhouse, which not only has larger fruit and good quality, but also makes loquat fruiting and maturing early. In the greenhouse, fruit should be thinned as early as possible, and malformed fruit, disease and insect fruit or stunted young fruit should be removed first, leaving 5 fruit per ear and 6 fruits per ear. When thinning fruit, try to keep the fruit hidden in the leaves. Use a special grape bag at the end of the last fruit thinning. Starting from the top of the tree, and then down to the outside of the crown, the paper cover can be tied with straw or clipped with a paper clip. When bagging, be sure to bulge the bag to facilitate ventilation.

6. Plastic surgery and pruning. The sapling period does not carry out a large number of pruning, mainly by pulling branches, one month before the head flower. Pulling branches for one and a half months to promote flower bud differentiation and ensure the early yield of loquat. After the loquat was picked, the fruiting tree was pruned, and the loquat tree was gradually cultivated into a layered trunk by thinning branches as the main means and for the purpose of ventilation and improving light conditions.

7. Pest control. The main diseases easy to occur in greenhouse are sunburn and leaf tip blight. Therefore, the use of sunshade net and other facilities to avoid sunburn at the same time, strengthen soil improvement and fertilization management, improve disease resistance. The main pests are red spiders, aphids and so on. Pesticides with high efficiency and low toxicity can be used to control them.