Cultivation experience of Autumn Peanut

The per unit yield of peanut in the producing areas of our country is low, and the economic benefit of farmers is not high, which restrains the development of peanut industry. The provinces in the south of China can increase their income through planting in spring and autumn. Based on years of practical experience, the author summarizes the high-yield cultivation techniques of peanut planted in autumn as follows:

(1) Deep ploughing and soil preparation and adequate base fertilizer

Peanut is a deep-rooted crop, and the roots are distributed in the living soil layer. the most suitable soil conditions for growth and development are deep living soil, loose tillage layer, dry sandy loam and non-sticky sandy loam.

1. Deep ploughing with cattle ploughing or tractor ploughing 20ml 25cm, soil preparation can be carried out 10Mel 15 days in advance. To achieve two ploughs and three harrows, the soil will be ploughed deep, raked, raked flat, and weathered in the sun to form a loose and moist soil layer.

2. Ridging is in the areas where the soil is sandy, the sea breeze is strong, and the soil is easy to be dry. Planting peanuts in autumn should be planted in the border, increase the sunshine area, increase the soil temperature and increase the soil layer. The border is 10m high and 15cm high, and the ridges and furrows are 30cm deep and 30cm wide.

3. The root system of peanut with sufficient fertilizer has strong absorption, peanut seeds contain a lot of fat and protein, and the main fertilizers needed are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, especially the demand of phosphorus and potassium is higher than that of other crops. According to the research results of the Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, it is necessary to absorb 19.46 kg of nitrogen, 3.88 kg of phosphorus and 10.24 kg of potassium with a yield of 266.5 Mel per mu. However, because peanuts can fix nitrogen through root nodules, the proportion of fertilization can generally be carried out at 1:1:2.

Peanut base fertilizer is mainly rotten organic soil fertilizer, combined with the application of phosphate fertilizer, plant ash (or potassium chloride), lime and so on. Autumn peanuts generally blossom in about 20 days, and the vegetative growth period is shorter than that of spring peanuts (usually 110Mel 120 days). The early stage is in the rainy season with high temperature, and the fertilizer decomposes quickly and is easy to be consumed, so it is necessary to apply sufficient base fertilizer. Otherwise, it is often due to insufficient nutrition in the early stage and poor vegetative growth of the plant, resulting in late branching, less branching and low yield.

Per mu of base fertilizer, 3000 kg of high-quality farm manure, 20 kg of calcium superphosphate, 15 kg of peanut bran, 100kg of plant ash, 30 kg of lime and compost were used as base fertilizer.

Second, select seeds and sow early at the right time

The main results are as follows: 1. the nutrients needed for seed germination and emergence of peanut seeds depend on the seeds themselves. As the saying goes: grow big seedlings and grow fat. The selection of large full seeds is an important measure for strong seedlings. The pods should be dried for 2 days before shelling to break the dormancy period and improve the germination rate.

2. Seed soaking and sprouting of peanut planted in autumn can effectively improve the germination rate and achieve the effect of complete seedling and uniform seedling in cultivation. The seeds were soaked in 40 ℃ warm water for 4 hours, spread out on the grass mat and kept moist. After 12 hours, the seeds exposed white tip (radicle), and the buds could be picked for sowing. If the seeds cannot be sowed on rainy days, the seeds should be placed in a cool and ventilated place and spread out into a thin layer, but pay attention to inhibiting the growth of buds.

3. Sowing early sowing peanuts planted in autumn in tropical and subtropical areas is best sown during the period from "the Beginning of Autumn" to "the End of Heat". Early sowing is easy to cause overgrowth, more diseases and insect pests, which is not conducive to blossom and pod; the mature temperature of peanut planted in autumn should be above 18 ℃, if sowing too late, low temperature and drought in the later stage, pod fruiting is poor, empty chaff pod is more, and the yield is low.

Third, reasonable close planting to ensure the whole seedling

The sowing period of autumn peanut is in the environment of high temperature and more Rain Water, so the sowing density should be increased appropriately. Sow 2.2-24000 seeds per mu, plant with double seeds and sow in shallow trenches. If the fertilizer is of high quality and high concentration (such as pig manure), and the seeds are easy to hurt, the soil isolation method should be adopted, that is, a thin layer of river sand should be sprinkled on the shallow ditch, and then covered with a layer of river sand after sowing, and then covered with thin soil.

Check the seedling to fill the gap in time after emergence to ensure the whole seedling. If there are two seeds sowing in each hole, if there is a lack of one seedling, it can not be replenished. If the whole hole is missing, the seedlings should be replanted in time or sown directly with seeds to promote germination.

Fourth, strengthen management and topdressing in time

1. Waterlogged, drained and irrigated peanut is a crop that needs more water, which is characterized by "less at both ends and more in the middle". There are many Rain Water in the early stage of autumn peanuts, and they are afraid of stains in the seedling stage. It is necessary to drain the ditches in time. Generally, it is better to use ditch irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. If you want small water to pour carefully, you must avoid flood irrigation. To prevent plants from withering by drought and without irrigation conditions, it is difficult to achieve high yield.

2. The first intertillage weeding was carried out when the plant had 4 true leaves, the second time after 10 days, and the last intertillage at full flowering stage. According to the peasants' experience, the first hoe should be shallow, the second should be deep, and the third should be meticulous. The first soil cultivation combined with the last middle ploughing was carried out, and the loose soil between rows was cultured to the base of peanut with a small hoe, and the second soil cultivation was carried out 10 days later combined with clear furrow.

3. After topdressing the seedlings in time, spread urea 5 kg per mu when the soil is wet after rain to promote early branching and early flowering. The nutrients absorbed by peanuts at the flowering and needling stage account for 60% of the total fertilizer absorption in the whole life. therefore, the fertilizer utilization rate is high and the yield increase is significant at the flowering and needling stage. at this time, 20 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per mu. After Xiehua, 60 kg of black and white ash was applied per mu (30 kg of lime powder and 30 kg of plant ash) to prevent premature senescence and premature seedling decline.

4. Spraying trace elements with 100 grams of sodium borate and 50 liters of water per mu, spraying once at the initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, boron fertilizer can stimulate pollen germination and pollen tube elongation, which is beneficial to fertilization.

5. For pest control, 600 times solution of malathion can be used in seedling stage, and 800 times solution of trichlorfon can be used in the middle and later stage. For leaf spot and rust, the drug should be used at the flowering stage. It can be used alternately with the solution of 200 Bordeaux or colloidal sulfur 150 times and chlorothalonil 800 times, and the control effect is good.