High-yield cultivation techniques of BlackBerry in Solar greenhouse

BlackBerry native to the United States, belongs to the Rosaceae, perennial vine fruit trees. Its ear is large, the fruit is conical, the pericarp is black, the average ear weight is 500g, the average single fruit weight is 10.8g, the maximum single fruit weight is 16.9g, the soluble solids is 12.8%, the titratable acid is 1.4%, vitamin C140.7 v g gamma g, the berries are sour and sweet, slightly aroma, high quality, high yield and disease resistance, and high commodity value. It was introduced into Laiwu, Shandong Province in 2001, and the solar greenhouse cultivation experiment was carried out in the core demonstration park of Agricultural Science Institute of Laiwu City of Shandong Province and the forestry science and technology demonstration park of Niuquan Town in Laicheng District from 2003 to 2006. The test results are summarized as follows.

Test site conditions and shed structure

The average annual temperature in the experimental site is 12.5 ℃, the average temperature in January is-2.8℃, the annual precipitation is 760mm, the frost-free period is 203days, the average annual effective accumulated temperature is 4264.5 ℃, and the average annual sunshine hours is 2629.2 hours. For plain sandy loam, the soil layer is thick, and the content of organic matter is 0.65%, 0.90%, pH6.5 and 7.0. The greenhouse is a steel frame structure with a north to south seat, extended from east to west, 85 m long from east to west, 9 m wide from north to south, 1.5 m high in front of the shed, 3.5 m in ridge height, 2.5 m in height and 1.0 m in thickness. The back wall has 16 60cm square ventilation windows, the shed film is polyethylene non-dripping film, the film is covered with grass curtain, and the roof is equipped with automatic shutter machine. The shed is equipped with drip irrigation equipment, fluorescent lamp (supplementary light), soil heating (heating) and carbon dioxide gas fertilizer generator.

The yield and benefit of the experimental shed the strong BlackBerry seedlings were planted in the spring of 2003, and the yield was 1000 kg per 667m2 in the middle of May the following year; the average yield was 1500kg per 667m2 in 2005 and 1900kg per 667m2 in 2006. The average price in 3 years was 26 yuan, and the output value per 667m2 in the second, third and fourth year after planting was 26000 yuan, 39000 yuan and 49400 yuan respectively, and the gross income per 667m2 in the first 4 years of the experimental greenhouse was 114400 yuan.

Main cultivation techniques

Colonization

The plant was planted in the north-south direction, and the row spacing was 1m × 1.5m. Before planting, dig 1m wide and deep 60~70cm planting ditch, fill the bottom of the ditch with 15~20cm thick corn straw, sprinkle a small amount of urea on it, then calculate the amount of fertilizer according to the standard of applying high quality chicken manure 2500kg every 667m2, fully mix with topsoil and water to settle. In the first ten days of April, the planting holes with 30cm in width and depth were dug in the planting ditch, and the roots of the seedlings were soaked in 50mg/LABT3 rooting powder, watered and covered with black plastic film.

Fertilizer and water management

High quality chicken manure 2500kg and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer 50kg were applied every 667m2 in the first and middle of September every year. Urea 50kg was applied every 667m2 for a long time, and 0.2% urea was sprayed every 10 days for 3 times. Spraying 0.3% borax 3-5 days before flowering, and then spraying 0.2%-0.3% zinc sulfate every 1-2 days, can greatly reduce the ratio of small fruits. During fruit expansion, diammonium phosphate was applied for 50 kg. In addition, the combined spray spray 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or photosynthetic micro-fertilizer 500 times every 10 days, activating element 800-1000 times, spray 3 times in a row to supplement tree nutrition.

Irrigation combined with fertilization generally includes the following times. For overwintering water, flood irrigation can be used to keep the 60~80cm soil layer moist to supply the water needed by the tree during the dormant period, which is before the plastic film is buckled after the fallen leaves. In the early stage of shoot growth, if the soil depth is short of water, it should be filled with a large amount of water, and must not be irrigated frequently with small water. Pre-flowering irrigation was carried out with drip irrigation, which made the flower buds full and full, kept the flower buds with certain nutrients and moisture, and laid a good foundation for good pollination and improving fruit setting rate. Drip irrigation is used for young fruit irrigation. When the young fruit is fixed after falling flowers, this period is the period of rapid development of young fruit, which needs a lot of nutrients and water. In order to reduce fruit drop and stabilize yield, irrigation is the key. Small water should be frequently irrigated with 15~20mm water once a week. When the berries are colored and ripe, generally do not irrigate.

Shaping and pruning

The shaping technology of BlackBerry generally follows the hedge shaping method of grapes. When the seedlings germinated in the same year, three or four vigorous new shoots were left, when the branches grew to 30~40cm, they were hung upward, and the rest were cut off from the base, and three or four main branches were formed in the future. 2-3 lateral branches were cultured on each main branch, the main branch was generally coring at 1.0-1.2 m, the lateral branch was coring at long 50cm, and the vegetative branch was 5-7 leaves. In the early stage of flowering, it is necessary to re-pick the heart of the vegetative branches in order to reduce the nutrient consumption of the tree, ensure the consistent flowering period and make the flowering neat. After the fruit is harvested, the fruiting branches are removed from the base and the new main branches and the fruiting branches of the coming year are cultivated. When cutting in winter, cut off the senile trunk branches, disease and insect branches, thin and weak branches, and over-dense branches. The main branches will be retained in the next year, generally, there can be 9-12 strong lateral branches per plant, and the branch length can be controlled within 1.0-1.2m.

Temperature and humidity management

BlackBerry requires a temperature below 7.2 ℃ for 1000 hours to pass natural dormancy. Therefore, the grass curtain should be fastened on the film in the middle of November, so that there is no light in the greenhouse, all the vents should be opened at night, and the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at-2-7.2 ℃, which can not only increase the low temperature but also protect the plant from freezing injury. It will heat up gradually after about 30 days, that is, in mid-December. During the day, lift the 1 hand 3 grass curtain first, 5 days later, lift the 2 hand 3 grass curtain, and then 5 days later, all the grass curtains are lifted.

From the time of heating and sprouting, the low temperature management should be carried out in the first week, keeping about 20 ℃ during the day and 10: 15 ℃ at night, and then gradually rising to 28: 30 ℃ in the daytime and 15: 20 ℃ at night, with a minimum of no less than 5 ℃. This period is the period when BlackBerry needs the most water in its growth period, which requires full irrigation, usually irrigated twice with 30mm water, and closes the doors and windows of the greenhouse to keep the air relative humidity above 80%. If the humidity is low during the day, spray can be used to spray water on the branches to make it in a certain degree of high temperature and wet conditions to promote early budding.

At the initial stage of shoot growth, the management of low temperature and low humidity was carried out. The temperature is controlled at 25: 28 ℃ during the day, 15 ℃ at night, and the lowest is not less than 10 ℃. While strictly controlling irrigation, it is also necessary to strictly control the air humidity and maintain about 60%.

Before and after flowering, a higher temperature is needed, about 28 ℃ during the day, 16: 18 ℃ at night, the lowest is not less than 15 ℃, and the air humidity is kept at about 50%.

During the period of young fruit expansion, the daytime temperature should be kept at 25: 28 ℃, no more than 30 ℃, and the night temperature should be kept at 18: 20 ℃, but not more than 20 ℃. Humidity management can be left to nature.

During the ripening period of berry coloring, it is necessary to increase the temperature difference between day and night and increase sugar accumulation, 2830 ℃ in daytime and 1618 ℃ or lower at night. Supplementary light and application of carbon dioxide gas fertilizer

Lack of light and poor light quality are common problems in the cultivation of BlackBerry in winter warm solar greenhouse, so it is necessary to supplement light for 1 hour a day before fruit setting and 2 hours a day after fruit setting. Fluorescent lamp can be used to supplement light, which is about 50cm away from the tree.

The supplement of carbon dioxide gas fertilizer is a very significant technology to increase production in protected cultivation of BlackBerry, and the range of increase is generally between 25% and 30%, especially in solar greenhouse. The best time to increase the application of carbon dioxide gas fertilizer is generally shortly after sunrise, that is, from late January to late February, from 06:30 to 7 o'clock in March to April, and about 6 o'clock in May. In the period of application, the effect was the best in the period of rapid fruit expansion. The application concentration is generally about 1000 v L, and the excessive release will harm the leaves and cause focal edge phenomenon, which is not conducive to photosynthesis and harmful to human health. in addition, the temperature in the greenhouse fertilized with carbon dioxide is correspondingly increased by 3-4 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature variation at night should be slightly increased, slightly higher in the first half of the night and slightly lower in the second half of the night, in order to improve the effect of fertilization, cloudy, cold current, overcast and rainy (snow) weather, due to low temperature. Poor light, weak photosynthesis, generally do not carry out carbon dioxide fertilization.

Flower and fruit management

Two days before blooming, bees were placed in the greenhouse for pollination to increase the fruit setting rate, spraying 0.5% borax plus 0.2% urea at the early flowering stage, and spraying gibberellin of 5~10mg/L plus 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate at full flowering stage. At the same time, too many flowering spikes were thinned at the flowering stage, and the fruit was thinned one week after falling flowers, leaving 20-30 fruits per panicle, no more than 40 at most. In order to prevent pre-harvest fruit drop, 70mg naphthalene acetic acid can be sprayed twice 30 days before harvest, which can effectively reduce fruit drop. During the fruit blackening period, reflective film is laid on the interior surface of the greenhouse, which is beneficial to increase the ground temperature, reduce the humidity in the greenhouse, promote the fruit development, improve the coloring, and make the fruit ripen 6-8 days ahead of time. Spraying 0.5% glucose solution during fruit expansion can significantly improve fruit sugar content, reduce acidity and improve fruit quality. Ten days before fruit ripening, the vigorous new shoots with serious shading in the upper part of the crown were removed to facilitate the coloring of the fruit. The output of every 667 square meters is controlled within 2000kg, and the yield is high and stable every year.

Pest control

The diseases and insect pests of BlackBerry cultivated in greenhouse are relatively mild. 5 °Be stone sulfur mixture is sprayed once before budding. If Botrytis cinerea and root rot occur, it can be controlled by 1000 times of carbendazim or 500 times of carbendazim.