Technology of planting American BlackBerry in Xinjiang

BlackBerry, a raspberry plant of Rosaceae, is mainly distributed in the valley shrub and forest edge on the north slope of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang, and more in Yili area. BlackBerry fruit is a polymeric drupe with rich aroma and rich nutrition and health functions. The World Health Organization lists it as the third generation health food and is widely cultivated in some countries in Europe and the United States. in the United States, it is mainly distributed in California and other four regions along the northwest Pacific coast, and each region has its own main varieties. The factors that determine the adaptation range of varieties are cold resistance, drought resistance, temperature requirements, sensitivity to diseases and insect pests and adaptability to various soils. In order to explore the adaptability of BlackBerry in Xinjiang, we carried out the introduction and cultivation experiment and systematic observation of BlackBerry in 1999, in order to provide scientific basis for popularizing BlackBerry in Xinjiang.

1. The basic situation of the experimental site in the experimental field of Gongliu Forest Farm in Xinjiang, the local elevation is 1200,1400 meters, which is located in the inversion layer of the western Tianshan Mountains, so it has more rainfall, mild and humid climate than other parts of Xinjiang. The annual average temperature is 5-7 ℃, the average temperature in January is-8 ℃, the average temperature in July is 18 ℃, and the annual accumulated temperature is 2200 ℃ ~ 2900 ℃ above 10 degrees Celsius. The average annual precipitation is 600mm to 800mm, and more than 1000 mm in some years. 60% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in the plant growing season. The average annual evaporation is 1100mm to 1200 mm. The annual average relative humidity is more than 70%, the climate dryness is less than 4, and the frost-free period is 120 days. Generally speaking, the first frost is in early September and the evening frost is in mid-May. The first and final snow were frozen in early October and early May, frozen in early November and thawed in late March. The soil is mountain chernozem with a ph of 6.8-7.5, with irrigation conditions, and the irrigation water is Tianshan snow meltwater.

2. The phenological period of introduction-in Gongliu Forest Farm, the two BlackBerry varieties sprouted and spread their leaves in mid-April, budded in late May, flowered in early June, flowered from mid-July to mid-July, and the whole flowering period was 40-45 days; the fruit began to mature in mid-late July, concentrated ripening in early August, and deciduous leaves began in mid-September. Plant growth performance-except for the branches that did not bear fruit in the same year, all plants were fruited in 2001, the average plant yield was more than 5.5kg, the highest plant yield was 7.8kg, the average single fruit weight was more than 10.5jin, and the maximum fruit weight was 15.5jin, equivalent to more than 850kg per 666.7 square meters. Its fruit is conical, relatively large, black-purple when ripe, translucent, soft and juicy, sweet and sour, rich in aroma. Seeds are only slightly larger than sesame seeds. It shows good growth, strong adaptability, resistance to barren, resistance to rough management, low requirement for fertilizer and water conditions, cold resistance, humidity resistance, strong adaptability to planting in humid and low-lying land, and drought resistance, growing without watering for many days, and the result will not be affected. Propagation is easy, cuttage and root tiller reproduction survival rate, seedling rate is extremely high, strong growth, if allowed to grow, its new shoot length can reach more than 5 meters, branching power is also very strong, generally planted in the same year, through many times to pick the heart in the same year can take shape; the harm of diseases and insect pests is mild, no serious fatal diseases and insect pests have been found in the past 8 years of trial planting.

3. Key points of cultivation techniques site selection and seedling raising-the garden should be in sunny leeward, sufficient light, convenient drainage and irrigation, and loose sandy loam. After the garden is finished, organic fertilizer should be applied as base fertilizer in autumn, 1000-1500 kg of fully mature farm manure and 50 kg urea and phosphate fertilizer should be applied every 666.7 square meters. Cuttage propagation is more commonly used in seedling breeding, and hardwood full light spray cutting can also be used. Can be selected in the autumn one to two-year-old branches cut into 15cm cuttings, the lower end in the node oblique cut, the upper end in the node 0.5 cm flat cut, 30 branches tied into a bundle, the lower end of each liter of water immersed in 100mg of ABT rooting powder solution for 1 hour after sand storage for the next spring spare; can also choose the Spring Festival on the previous year mature branches cut into 10cm ABT rooting powder solvent treatment after cutting. Generally, 1 or 2 buds are left on the ground during insertion. Planting and fertilizer and water management-the row spacing of BlackBerry plants is generally 2m × 2m, with 170plants per 666.7 square meters. The length, width and height of planting holes are all 60 cm, and base fertilizer is applied in each hole. The planting time can be planted before soil freezing in autumn or after soil thawing in spring to before sprouting, but autumn planting is better. When planting, stretch the root system, water thoroughly, and pay attention to watering to resist drought at the initial stage of planting. Topdressing was carried out at the early flowering stage and after fruit setting, mainly nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the later stage. BlackBerry likes to be wet and can not bear waterlogging, and the lowland in the rainy season can be drained in time. It is generally combined with topdressing and watering after sprouting, flowering and fruit setting, fruit expansion period and before freezing. When entering the fruiting period, it is necessary to ensure pre-flowering water, post-anthesis water and fruit swelling water. Immediately after watering, the soil should be loosened to preserve soil moisture and weeding should be carried out at the same time. Scaffolding, coring and pruning-newly planted seedlings are easy to bend when they grow to 50 cm. After planting, they are tied up with a hedge, with a height of 1.8 to 2.0 meters. Hedges and racks can be used. There is a new tip every 30cm on the shelf surface, which does not overlap. And pick the heart of the new shoot, in order to promote its maturity and more branches. The following spring, for the overwintering branches, the sturdy branches should stay long, and the weak ones should stay short. After flowering, the fruiting branches in the second year were selected according to the principle of weakening and staying strong, and the over-dense branches, disease and insect branches were cut off to increase the rapid growth of growing branches and the fruiting branches. After fruit harvest, the fruiting branches were cut close to the ground.

Pest control-the common diseases of BlackBerry are leaf spot and leaf rust, which usually occur between June and August, mainly harming BlackBerry leaves. This stage is also the period of BlackBerry fruit just forming and gradually ripening. Therefore, it should be controlled in early spring when BlackBerry sprouts. Control method: generally use 50% methyl topiramate wettable powder 1000-1500 times solution and 15% trimethoprim 2000-5 000 solution to spray plants, which can play a good role in prevention and treatment. The main pests of BlackBerry are borer beetles, aphids and spotted bug bugs, but the occurrence is less, so it can be sprayed with 40% omethoate EC 1500 mi 2000 times from April to May.