Early high-yield techniques of planting peach trees

0.67hm2 peach orchard was established in Yutian County of Tangshan City in spring of 2002. Cultivated varieties were Century King Peach and Century Heart Peach. The average yield per 667m2 was 890kg in 2003, 2400kg in 2004, and 3500kg in 2005, 2006 and 2007. Specific management techniques are described below.

1 Building a garden

1.1 Site selection. Choose soil loose, dry terrain, good drainage, sufficient light, convenient transportation, suitable for peach production plot.

1.2 The garden is ready. Soil preparation was carried out before winter in 2001, planting ditches were dug according to 4m row spacing, with width of 100 cm and depth of 80cm, and topsoil and subsoil were placed on both sides of the ditches respectively. When backfilling, mix part of topsoil, base fertilizer and subsoil and fill in, and apply 5000kg of high-quality manure as base fertilizer every 667m2. Cover a layer of soil again, surround the remaining soil on both sides of the ditch to form a soil ridge, and then irrigate the planting ditch.

1.3 Planting density and method. The hole spacing is 1.4m, row spacing is 4m, and planting with two plants in one hole is adopted. 238 plants were planted per 667m2.

1.4 Colonization. Planting began around March 20, 2002, and 1-year-old seedlings were used for planting. Before planting, the seedlings were graded and root pruned, then soaked in clean water for 12~24h, and then soaked in 1% copper sulfate solution for 5min to prevent root cancer. At the same time, according to the distance between the holes, the planting holes with width and depth of 50cm were dug, and two plants were planted in each hole. The two seedlings in the same hole are required to have the same size and growth potential, and the root neck of the seedling should be slightly higher than the ground level, so as to avoid sinking of the seedlings after irrigation and cause too deep planting. After planting, irrigate water once, cover the planting ditch with 1m wide plastic film on the 2nd day. Irrigation is carried out according to soil moisture content in seedling stage.

2. First year cultivation management

2.1 training and pruning

2.1.1 Growing season pruning. After seedling planting, adventitious stem, thin secondary branch thinning, robust secondary branch left 2~3 buds truncated. After the seedlings germinate, the seedlings are evenly divided around, the distance between the same lateral branches is 20~25cm, and one branch is reserved at the same bud position, so that the whole seedling grows upright. When the shoot grows to 20~40cm, repeat topping, increase the branch order, promote the early formation of the tree body. In the middle and late June, bending treatment began, pulling two peach trees in the same hole to two rows respectively. The stem height is required to be 50~60cm, the bending angle of the stem is about 70°, the bow back cannot be pulled out, and the branches are selected and retained after pulling. The branches on both sides shall be 20~25cm long, and one branch shall be reserved, and the upper branch and lower branch shall be reserved less. For the treatment of upright branches, in principle, there is no space to go, there is space to stay, the remaining branches should be softened by taking branches to open the angle, ease the branch potential, and promote flower bud formation. In the middle and late August, all the new shoots that have not stopped growing are picked to promote the thickening growth and flower bud differentiation, so that the branches and buds are enriched, which is conducive to safe winter.

2.1.2 Winter shears. Long branch pruning is adopted. It can control excessive growth of tree body, reduce pruning times, make tree body early fruit, early harvest and stable yield, improve fruit quality. Branches renew easily and prevent the tree from becoming bare. Long branch pruning is a technique that basically does not use short cutting, only thin cutting and long putting. During pruning, over-vigorous branches, weak branches, diseased branches, cross branches and overlapping branches shall be thinned out. Annual fruit branches of 40~60cm long are reserved. The number of fruiting branches should be about 20 per plant, so that they are evenly distributed on peach trees, and the number of vegetative branches should not be less than that of fruiting branches. A 0.5m light path should be set aside between rows to facilitate peach orchard management and ventilation and light transmission. After one year of management, the main branch length basically reached the required size.

2.2 Soil, fertilizer and water management. In the aspect of soil management, timely intertillage and weeding create a good soil environment for peach growth. In terms of fertilizer and water management, attention should be paid to the promotion of the former and the control of the latter. Fertilizer and water management should be strengthened from planting to late June. Before and after germination, combined with watering and topdressing, quick-acting fertilizers mainly composed of nitrogen fertilizer, such as urea and ammonium sulfate, can promote the growth of new shoots and accelerate the formation of tree bodies. After late June, fertilizer and water should be controlled, and pruning techniques should be used to promote the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, forming many and good flower buds. Peach tree root shallow, not waterlogging tolerance, rainy season pay attention to drainage. 5 000 kg manure was applied per 667m2 in September and October. Irrigation of frozen water before soil freezes.

3 Cultivation management in the second year and beyond

3.1 training and pruning

3.1.1 Growing season pruning. The emphasis is on bud wiping, shoot thinning and topping. In spring, when the shoots grow to 3~ 5 cm, the clustered shoots and useless shoots below the trunk are removed. Thinning over-dense branches and over-long branches improves ventilation and light transmission conditions. For some reserved upright branches, the growth direction of branches can be changed by twisting and taking branches. The first time was in late May, in order to promote the germination of accessory shoots and form good branches. All the new shoots with a length of more than 10cm were reserved for 10cm. The second topping was done from late June to early July, aiming at promoting the enrichment of new shoots and accessory shoots, full axillary buds and flower bud differentiation. All branches with a length of more than 30cm were topping. The third time is generally in late August to early September, all the tender tips of the branches can be picked off, promoting the growth of thick branches, enriching branches and buds, which is conducive to safe winter.

3.1.2 Winter shears. Long branch pruning is still adopted, and the pruning method is the same as that of the first year, but the culture and renewal of the fruiting branch group should be strengthened. Combined with summer pruning, two stable large and medium fruiting branch groups were cultivated on both sides of the middle and rear parts of each tree within 2~3 years, and small branch groups were appropriately arranged between the upper part of the main branch and the large and medium fruiting branch groups to achieve the goal of stereo fruiting. During winter pruning, the fruiting mother branches are retracted to the base of good branches to prevent the fruiting parts from moving outward.

3.2 Thinning flowers and fruits. Peach flowers, if not thinning flowers and fruits, not only consume a lot of nutrients, but also small fruit, poor quality. Therefore, reasonable flower and fruit thinning has become one of the important measures for stable yield, high yield and high quality of peach trees. From the point of view of nutrient conservation, the earlier the better. Therefore, it can be divided into three steps: firstly, pre-flowering re-cutting is the main method to cut off leafless flowers; secondly, premature flowers, late flowers and abnormal flowers are thinned at flowering stage; fruit thinning is generally carried out 20~25 days after flowering, which can be completed at one time. According to practical experience, the criteria for fruit retention are: 2 fruits on long fruit branches, 1~2 fruits on long fruit branches, 1 fruit on medium fruit branches, and no fruit on short fruit branches and bouquet fruit branches. More fruits are left on the periphery and upper part of the crown, less fruits are left in the inner bore and lower part. It can also be determined according to the ratio of leaves to fruits, about 50 leaves leave 1 fruit.

3.3 Soil, fertilizer and water management. A year after planting, peach trees begin to bear fruit. Soil management is mainly intertill weeding. Topdressing in the following three stages: the first time before and after germination, apply quick-acting nitrogen-based fertilizer, the amount should not be too much, otherwise easy to cause excessive growth. For the second time, 20 days before fruit harvest, dressing fertilizer was mainly potassium fertilizer combined with a small amount of nitrogen and phosphorus. The fertilizer this time was for strong fruit, which was the most critical fertilizer for peach trees throughout the year. After the third harvest, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer was applied once. This topdressing can be combined with early application of base fertilizer, generally digging trenches between peach trees. Irrigation is generally carried out during germination, after flowering to before hard core and fruit expansion. Peach trees should be irrigated frequently, but the amount of irrigation should be small each time. In addition, frozen water is poured once from late October to early November.

4 Pest control

Peachtree diseases and insect pests mainly include aphids, red spiders, leaf miner, peach hole disease. Combined with winter shear to cut off diseased branches, clean up fallen leaves, concentrated burning. Before germination, combined with the control of other diseases and insect pests, spray 3°~5°Be stone sulfur mixture to kill overwintering eggs and overwintering germs. Aphids can be controlled with 1000 times of mefenacet in the middle of May. Red spider can be controlled by using 1500 times solution of proparte, 1000 times solution of saomenjing and 1000 times solution of darfenling. In the middle of July, 600-fold solution of insecticide frost and 2000-fold solution of chlorfenuron No. 3 can prevent leaf miner. 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution and 70% mancozeb 800 times solution can control peach hole disease.