Shelf cultivation of plums

In recent years, the cultivation area of plums has increased rapidly, and the tree shape is mostly natural happy shape and open stratified shape, and the method of light pruning and putting more branches is used in pruning, which has played a certain role in early fruit, but there are also some new problems, such as slow formation of young trees, low branch load, fruit hanging in large and small years, decline in fruit quality, small proportion of high-quality and high-grade fruits, and poor economic benefits. In the spring of 2005, the author transformed the 4-year-old happy red Bulin and ao Li 14 plum trees in Luoju Village, Zaolin Town, Qishan County, Baoji City, so that the coverage of the garden increased from 42% to more than 70%. The output of 666.7 square meters in 2005 and 2006 was 1232 and 2180kg respectively, and the diameter of high-quality fruit reached 60mm accounted for more than 80%. The goal of high yield, high quality and high efficiency has been achieved. The technology is summarized as follows.

1 scaffolding structure

The frame is set up along the direction of the tree, the height of the frame is generally 180~200cm, two iron wires are drawn horizontally on the frame, the first distance is 140cm from the ground, and the second distance is the first 40~60cm. Or use a wide-top frame, press a beam on the vertical column, showing a "T" shape, the beam width 80~100cm. Pull a wire at each end of the beam, and tie 4 to 6 main branches of each tree on both sides, one on the upper wire and one or two on the bottom. The suitable density is plant spacing 150~200cm and row spacing 400~600cm.

2 tree structure

The trunk is high 80~100cm, the plastic band is long 50~70cm, the main branch is 4-6, the main branch is long 150~200cm, the angle is more than 70 °, the spiral staggered arrangement, the main branch generally does not leave lateral branches, directly growing, medium, short and bouquet-like fruit branches and small fruiting branches group, high, medium and low scattered and orderly, reasonable collocation, canopy thickness about 1.5m.

(3) key points of plastic technique

3.1 cultivation of main branches

The suitable branches were selected and cultivated in the plastic belt to remove the excess branches. If the main branch is not enough, the dominant branch in the uppermost part of the central stem can be truncated or strongly pulled to promote branching, and 4-6 main branches can be cultured directionally. The distance between each main branch is 10~15cm. When the one-year-old branch is used as the main branch, it should be truncated once at the 100cm or cut into the bud in the growing season to increase the load. Winter shearing and pre-anthesis shearing were combined to adjust the ratio of flower to leaf buds to 1 ∶ 4 to 5, and some flower buds were removed.

3.2 binding and fixing in spring

When the sap flows and the branches become soft, the branches are introduced and fixed. Hold the base of the opened branch before opening the corner, soften it and then pull it open, and tie the main branch evenly to the iron wire on both sides. When the number of main branches was 4, there were 1 on both sides, 1 on both sides of the upper part and 2 on the lower side. The branches whose length is less than 120cm can be released temporarily.

3.3 wipe sprouts and remove cuteness

When sprouting, excess buds are erased from the base. Mainly erase too many buds on the back of the cutting bud, saw bud and pulling branch, leave one bud on the back every 20~30cm, and wipe off the rest as soon as possible; if the length of the main branch is not long enough, a bud with strong growth and good orientation should be selected to lengthen the head, and other competitive branches should be erased in time, which can save nutrition and adjust the growth momentum.

3.4 sprouting, ring cutting

The main purpose is to promote flower bud differentiation in order to achieve early fruiting and early high yield. in addition, it can also inhibit growth, increase fruit setting rate and culture and renew fruiting branches. The buds were carved on the top of the dominant buds on both sides of the main branch, and the first ring cutting was carried out at the distance from the main branch to the main 15cm, and the second and third rings were cut every 10 to 15 days. Keep the distance of 10cm between the two adjacent ring cutters. The number of ring cutting paths should be determined according to the growth status of the tree.

3.5 thinning branches and twisting tips

A large number of new shoots are cultivated by means of branch drawing, bud carving and ring cutting, which often results in tree growth and crown closure. Therefore, starting from the middle of June, combined with summer shearing, some dense branches, erect branches, overlapping branches and cross branches should be removed in time to twist the useful upright branches.

3.6 binding branches at the corners in autumn

When the main branch grows above 120cm, it can be tied up and put on the shelf. At this time, the buds are full and full, and there are no strong strips on the back. In addition to opening the angle of the main branch, all kinds of large and medium fruiting branches and branch groups should also be pulled, dropped and braced, and the angle should be greater than the angle of the main branch, so as to balance the upper and lower parts of the tree.

In order to give full play to the scaffolding effect and make the plum with high yield, stable yield and high quality, it must be combined with the corresponding supporting technology. The specific supporting measures include the selection of excellent varieties, reasonable density, increasing application of organic fertilizer, thinning flowers and fruits, scientific prevention of diseases and insect pests, fruit bagging, harvest in batches and so on.