How to cultivate Platycodon grandiflorum with High yield

Platycodon grandiflorum, alias ginseng, bell flower. Is a family Platycodon grandiflorum, Platycodon grandiflorum perennial herbs. Platycodon grandiflorum is a variety of medicine and food, with underground rhizome for medicinal purposes, with lung, pharynx and pharynx expectorant, pus effect. It mainly treats cough and sputum, sore throat, dumb lung abscess, coughing and vomiting and other diseases. The health food processed with Platycodon grandiflorum, such as Platycodon grandiflorum vegetables, shredded Platycodon grandiflorum and preserved Platycodon grandiflorum, is not only delicious, but also has the effect of medical and health care, which is deeply loved by the people in urban and rural areas. Platycodon grandiflorum is also a kind of export foreign exchange earning product, which is mainly exported to South Korea, Japan, the United States and other countries in the world. It has high edible, medicinal and economic value. Therefore, the proper development of Platycodon grandiflorum production is not only an effective way to promote the adjustment of local agricultural structure, but also an effective way for farmers to get rich.

I. Market prospects

The annual demand for medicine was 4.5 million kg in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which should be more than 10 million kg today at an annual growth rate of 10%. Platycodon grandiflorum is a famous dish of Korean nationality in China. As the food demand is mainly in Yanbian and its surrounding areas, which is mainly inhabited by the Korean nationality in Northeast China, it has been radiated to various hotels and restaurants in Beijing, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Wuhan and other big cities and all over the country. In foreign countries, it used to be dominated by South Korea, but now it has spread to Japan, the United States and Southeast Asian countries. When the 2003 "World Cup" was held in South Korea, Korean business circles widely publicized its traditional famous dish "Platycodon grandiflorum cuisine" and achieved good results. The Platycodon grandiflorum market has spread to all parts of the world. The raw materials of Korean Platycodon grandiflorum mainly come from China. South Korea imports ten thousand tons of fresh Platycodon grandiflorum from China every year. Therefore, with the expansion of Platycodon grandiflorum market, its market will have broad prospects.

II. Market quotation

In 2003, due to insufficient production, the price of dried Platycodon grandiflorum was as high as 15 murmur18 yuan per kilogram, and the export grade was more than 20 yuan. Fresh Platycodon grandiflorum is more than 6 yuan. The output value per mu is 10000 yuan per mu. After the trough of 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, Platycodon grandiflorum rose all the way to the second half of 2009. at present, the market price is as high as 46-50 yuan, and the stock of Platycodon grandiflorum is weak, and there is almost no planting area on the ground. industry insiders generally believe that Platycodon grandiflorum will hover at high prices for 2-3 years, and planting Platycodon grandiflorum this year is the best time.

III. Key points of cultivation

1. Growth habits: Platycodon grandiflorum likes warm and humid climate. Cold-resistant, can withstand the low temperature of-40 ℃, but also can withstand the high temperature of 40 degrees. Resistant to drought and afraid of water stains. It is suitable to grow in an environment with plenty of sunshine and plenty of rainfall. It is better to use sandy loam or loam with deep soil layer and rich organic matter. The seeds germinated in 15 days under the condition of 10 ~ 15 ℃, and the germination rate of aged seeds was low every other year, so it was not suitable for seed. The suitable growth temperature is 18 ~ 33 ℃. Biennial plants are easy to lodge in the face of wind and rain.

2. Soil preparation and fertilization: select sandy loam soil with high topography, good drainage, deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, rich in organic matter, deep ploughing and careful cultivation, the tillage depth is above 30cm. Combined with soil preparation, apply sufficient basic fertilizer: 5000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer per mu, (or 100kg of cake fertilizer), 25kg of urea, 30kg of diamine and 20kg of potassium sulfate. The land will be leveled and raked into pieces, and the drainage ditches will be dredged around, waiting for sowing.

3. Sowing: Platycodon grandiflorum is propagated with seeds. There are spring sowing, summer sowing, autumn sowing and winter sowing, but winter sowing and spring sowing are good and neat. When sowing, mix Platycodon grandiflorum seeds with yellow sand at 1:10, then evenly sprinkle them evenly on the whole border surface, flatten them with a rake, and make the soil cover without seeds. The sowing rate per mu is 2ml / mu and 3kg / mu

4. Field management

(1) coverage. Platycodon grandiflorum emergence is slow, so cover protection measures should be adopted in production to facilitate seedling emergence. There are two ways of covering: one is plastic film mulching. The method is to cover the sown Platycodon grandiflorum field with a plastic film with a width of 2 meters when the soil surface seems to be dry after thawing. The surroundings are compacted with earth so as not to be damaged by the wind. Second, crop straw mulching. The purpose of using wheat straw, rice straw and other agricultural straw to cover the surface of Platycodon grandiflorum field is to maintain the temperature and humidity of the soil and facilitate seedling emergence. After Platycodon grandiflorum seedlings, the mulch can be removed immediately so as not to affect the growth of Platycodon grandiflorum seedlings.

(2) weeding. It can be divided into two parts: chemical weeding and artificial weeding. Chemical weeding before and after the Spring Equinox, 50% Acetochlor EC was applied after sowing or transplanting fields and before weeds were unearthed 7-10 days before transplanting. The herbicide 80ML was sprayed evenly on the surface of Platycodon grandiflorum field with 30 kg water per mu, and the weeding rate was more than 80%. It should be noted that it will not rain within two days after spraying, so as not to seep into the ground and affect the germinating seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum. Weeds that are resistant to herbicides should be pulled out manually in time. So as not to affect the growth of Platycodon grandiflorum. Chemical weeding and artificial weeding should complement each other.

(3) topdressing. Platycodon grandiflorum should be topdressing three times in the whole production process: the first topdressing applied 5 kg urea per mu when two pairs of true leaves of Platycodon grandiflorum seedlings; the second topdressing before and after the Beginning of Autumn, 5 kg urea and 5 kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate per mu; the third topdressing was in the winter after one year of growth of Platycodon grandiflorum, and 3000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer was applied on the surface of Platycodon grandiflorum field. Urea 10 kg, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 10 kg. Fertilization should be combined with rainfall or irrigation.

(4) drainage and irrigation. Platycodon grandiflorum is afraid of water stains, so it should be drained immediately in cloudy and rainy weather. The dry weather will be watered in time.

(5) chemical regulation. The stem of Platycodon grandiflorum is soft and easy to lodge in case of wind and rain. Proper control of stem height can prevent lodging and facilitate the normal growth of Platycodon grandiflorum. Methods when the plant height of Platycodon grandiflorum was 15CM, the plant height of Platycodon grandiflorum was sprayed once with thalidomide for three times.

(6) remove buds. Spraying 1000PPM ethephon 1 Murray twice in full bloom can effectively remove buds and increase yield by 45%. (PPM is the concentration unit: 1/1000000)

5. pest control: the main pests of Platycodon grandiflorum are ground tiger, golden needle insects and other underground pests to bite seedlings, resulting in the prevention and control of lack of seedlings and broken ridges, combined with soil preparation with 200 grams of phoxim per mu into poison bait, put into the ground to kill. Before and after Grain Rain, 30 grams of permethrin and 30 kilograms of total water were sprayed on the soil surface at 4: 00 p. M. with 50 grams of phoxim per mu. Red spiders and aphids are sprayed with 1500 times of dimethoate EC. The main disease of Platycodon grandiflorum is root rot, which causes the death of the whole plant. Soil disinfection can be carried out with 5 kg carbendazim per mu during soil preparation. Remove the diseased plant in time and treat the diseased point with lime. In the early stage of Fusarium wilt, when the part near the ground turns brown, dry rot and high humidity, the powdery-white mildew layer is produced on the surface of the rhizome, and finally the whole plant dies. At the initial stage of the disease, 50% carbendazim 800-fold solution was sprayed for prevention and treatment. Every seven days. Three times in a row. Ring disease, there are near-round virus spots on the damaged leaves, brown, with wheel lines, and black spots on the leaves. Can be used in the initial stage of the disease with 50% carbendazim 1000 times liquid spray control. Spray once every 7 days, three times in a row.

6. Harvest and processing: the production cycle of Platycodon grandiflorum is two years. It is generally dug after the aboveground stems and leaves withered in the autumn of two years. First cut off the aboveground stems and leaves, and then dig out the underground roots to clean the soil. Then the straight strips, no branching, meta-scars, roughness above 1cm and length above 18cm that meet the export grade requirements are selected for export. Then scrape off the outer skin of Platycodon grandiflorum and dry it for medicinal use. Generally speaking, the yield of fresh products per mu is more than 2000 kilograms. The dry goods are between 300 and 350 kilograms.

Fourth, benefit analysis. 1. Investment: chemical fertilizer 180 + pesticide 10 + seed 180 + machine ploughing 50 + artificial 300,720 yuan. 2. Income: 2000 kg (output) × 5 yuan (fresh price) = 10000 yuan. 3. Profit: 10000-720,9280 yuan