Management of soil, Fertilizer and Water in Apple Orchard

1. soil management

Soil management of mature fruit orchards should adopt root cleaning method or tree tray covering method. After fertilization and irrigation from spring to rainy season every year, intertill and loose soil should be carried out. Weed 1-2 times to keep soil pine and weedless growth, mow 1-2 times to cover tree tray in rainy season, plough in autumn after fruit trees fall leaves, deeply plow tree tray to 15-20cm with shovel and apply organic fertilizer. Topdressing three times, time before and after germination, after flowering and fruit expansion period, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements used together. The ratio is 1: 0.6: 1.5.

2. fertilizer management

(1) Adding organic fertilizer, especially green manure and other organic fertilizers rich in phosphorus and potassium, can not only improve fruit yield, but also improve fruit coloring, fruit flavor and storage performance.

(2) Rational application of nitrogen fertilizer: appropriate increase of nitrogen fertilizer can obviously promote the growth and fruiting of fruit trees. However, improper application of nitrogen fertilizer also had many adverse effects on fruit quality. Therefore, high-quality fruit must be rational application of nitrogen fertilizer. Generally, nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled to a level slightly lower than or slightly limiting the yield of fruit trees. If the highest yield level is reached, the fruit coloring and quality will be poor. It is best not to apply ammonium nitrogen fertilizer before and after flowering, so as not to cause insufficient calcium absorption and reduce fruit quality.

③ Increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer: A large number of experiments have shown that appropriate increase in phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can increase fruit color, improve fruit sugar content, improve fruit quality, and increase fruit size. K fertilizer alone had a tendency to decrease fruit hardness and storage capacity, and P and K fertilizer had no adverse effect. Therefore, the ratio of available phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer in soil should generally reach 1:1:1. Combined with basal fertilizer and topdressing irrigation 2-3 times a year, and combined with spraying for root dressing.

④ Supplementing nutrition for deficiency: Insufficient nutrition of certain nutrients in fruit trees, resulting in malnutrition, will produce deficiency, affecting the growth, fruit and fruit quality of fruit trees. For example, fruit shrinkage caused by boron deficiency, bitter pox caused by calcium deficiency, water heart disease and other storage diseases, leaf disease caused by zinc deficiency and yellow leaf disease caused by iron deficiency will directly and indirectly reduce fruit quality, so prevention and timely treatment should be directed at specific conditions.

Most of the ways to prevent and control element deficiency are to increase soil organic matter, apply more green manure and farm manure; pay attention to crop rotation; maintain proper soil moisture; adjust soil pH to be close to neutral; directly apply deficient elements to soil and foliage.

Adjust the proportion of various nutrients: there are often mutual restrictions and mutual promotion between various elements, and some deficiency diseases are often caused by the imbalance between various elements, so attention must be paid to adjusting the proportional relationship between various nutrients. Generally, when the ratio of nitrogen and potassium is between 0.4 and 0.6, the fruit flavor and coloring are better. When the ratio of nitrogen and calcium in fruit was 10, the fruit quality was very good and the storage property was the best. More than 20 will occur bitter pox; more than 30 soft fruit, not resistant to storage. Therefore, in order to improve fruit quality, attention must be paid to adjusting the proportion of other elements in order to achieve the desired effect.

3. Keep the soil moist

Suitable water supply is the basic condition to improve fruit quality. When water is insufficient, not only the fruit is small, but also the flesh becomes thick and hard, and the quality decreases significantly. Too much water reduces sugar and increases acid. When drought and flood are uneven, it often causes physiological diseases such as fruit cracking, sunburn and water heart disease. From the beginning of fruit coloring to fruit picking, water content should be properly controlled, waterlogging should be drained, otherwise the quality will decline. In summer high temperature period, spraying water to cool down properly also contributes to the improvement of quality.