high-yield cultivation of Zizania latifolia

Zizania caduciflora, also known as high melon, bamboo shoots, bamboo shoots, bamboo shoots. It is a perennial perennial herb of the genus Gramineae. It is divided into double season Zizania latifolia and single season Zizania latifolia (or divided into one mature Zizania latifolia and two cropping Zizania latifolia). The yield of double cropping Zizania latifolia (double cropping Zizania latifolia) is higher and the quality is good. The ancients called Zizania latifolia "Zizania latifolia". Before the Tang Dynasty, Zizania caduciflora was cultivated as a food crop, and its seeds were called rice or carved Hu, which was one of the "six grains" (millet, sorghum, wheat and wild rice). Later, it was found that some Zizania latifolia did not heading because they were infected with smut fungus, and the plants had no symptoms of disease, and the stems continued to expand, gradually forming spindle-shaped fleshy stems, which is now edible Zizania latifolia. In this way, people use powdery mildew to prevent Zizania caduciflora from blooming and fruiting and propagate this malformed plant as a vegetable. It can be used as medicine. Only China and Vietnam grow Zizania caduciflora as a vegetable in the world. Zizania caduciflora is known as one of the three good in Shandong Xintai Bai Zhuangzi (Zizania caduciflora, spring bud and wild duck egg), which has been handed down since ancient times. Most of them grow in the lakes of the Yangtze River and are suitable for growing in fresh water.

Select a place

Zizania caduciflora has developed root system and large growth, so it is suitable for cultivation in clay loam or loam with sufficient water source, soft soil layer, rich organic matter and strong water and fertility conservation. Farmers in the south have the habit of planting and raising Zizania caduciflora in the shallow water on the banks of lakes, ponds and ditches. The cultivation of Zizania caduciflora in lowland and paddy field is generally ploughed for the first time 7-10 days before planting, 2-3 days before planting, ploughed for the second time, raked flat after ploughing, so that the field is flat and muddy.

Stubble

Zizania caduciflora can be rotated with rice, mat grass, lotus root, water mustard, Sagittaria, Euryale, etc., as well as rice eel, Loach, crab or other fish. In the continuous cropping of Zizania caduciflora and rice, Zizania latifolia was planted with double cropping Zizania latifolia varieties, ploughing and raking soil preparation after summer harvest, applying sufficient basic fertilizer, planting single cropping rice or double late japonica rice, the two cropping periods were complementary, and high yield could be obtained. This method is suitable for paddy fields with high geothermal. Continuous cropping of Zizania caduciflora and mat grass: soil preparation, fertilization and planting mat grass were carried out after harvest in autumn.

This method is suitable for depressions with flat geothermal and shallow water layer. Symbiosis of Zizania caduciflora with rice field eel and Loach: when raising rice field eel and Loach in Zizania caduciflora field, the ridges of the fields should be strengthened, which should be 50 cm higher than the highest annual water level, preferably built into cement wall ridges to prevent escape; the mud layer in the field should be thick, Zizania caduciflora wide and narrow, leaving cross-shaped open space in the field; quicklime should be used to disinfect the pond before seedling stocking. Symbiosis of Zizania caduciflora and crab: planting Zizania latifolia in crab pond, setting anti-escape and anti-theft wall around the pond, digging wide ditch around the pond, digging "cross" ditch in the middle, ditch depth about 1 meter, silt layer should not be too thick, Zizania caduciflora should be sparsely planted, plant spacing can be 40 cm × 100 cm, and quicklime should be used to disinfect crab seedlings in the pond before stocking.

Variety selection and cultivation season

It is suitable to select varieties with good quality, more effective tillers, less Zizania latifolia and male Zizania latifolia, strong stress resistance and high yield. Zizania caduciflora likes a warm and humid climate, and its leaves die after frost. The frost-free period in the north is short, mainly planting one-ripe Zizania latifolia, and one-mature Zizania latifolia is suitable for spring planting. In the south, the frost-free period is long, the water source is abundant, and both one-crop and two-crop Zizania latifolia are suitable for cultivation. In Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui, one crop of Zizania latifolia was planted from Qingming Festival to Grain Rain; two crops of Zizania latifolia in summer and autumn can be divided into spring planting and autumn planting, spring planting before and after Grain Rain, autumn planting before and after the Beginning of Autumn. The cultivation of two-cropping Zizania latifolia varieties should be given priority to in the southern region, and the cultivation season should be one annual cycle.

Planting

Before and after spring planting in Grain Rain, when the tillering seedlings grow to 30-50 cm, with 3-4 leaves, 3-5 cm from Zizania caduciflora pier, dig up the seedlings with mud and follow the trend of tillering with a sharp knife, they are divided into 7-12 small piers, each of which is required to have old stems and stolons, and 3-5 sound tillers, with digging, dividing and planting, preferably in the evening or rainy days. If introduced from other places, the transportation process should maintain a certain temperature, cut off the leaf tip before planting, leaving the plant height of 30 cm, in order to reduce water evaporation and prevent wind shaking after planting, affecting the survival rate. Planting density should be determined according to variety and soil fertility.

For the field with medium fertility, the plant spacing is 40cm to 50cm, the row spacing is 85cm, and the hole is 2.2 to 25000 holes per hectare. The density of the fields with low fertility should be increased by 3 ~ 37000 holes per hectare. If the previous crop is early lotus root, mat grass, early rice and so on, early-maturing Zizania latifolia varieties should be planted in autumn. Zizania caduciflora seedlings were planted in the lotus root field or around the pond during the period from Qingming Festival to Grain Rain, and the Beginning of Autumn was planted before and after August 15 at the latest, when the seedling height was more than 1 meter and there were more tillers. Before planting, take away the tillers of the seedling pier one by one by hand, raise the seedlings one by one, each plant with 1-2 seedlings, cut off the leaf tip about 50 cm. The temperature is higher in summer and autumn, so you should choose cloudy days or afternoon planting. The planting density is 40cm between rows and 25cm between plants, with about 60,000 holes per hectare. Seedlings from the same day, planted on the same day, planted into the soil depth of 10-15 cm, in order to plant no bolting tube for the degree.

Water and fertilizer management

The plants of Zizania caduciflora are tall, have a long growth period, and prefer organic fertilizer. It is necessary to apply sufficient base fertilizer to obtain high yield, and the general base fertilizer should account for half of the total amount of fertilizer application. The amount of fertilizer applied in Zizania caduciflora field is mainly related to soil fertility, planting density and planting period. High soil fertility, early planting and high density should be applied less, while barren soil, late planting and sparse Zizania caduciflora seedlings should be increased. Generally, for the two-crop or one-crop Zizania latifolia planted in the spring of that year, the plots with medium fertility should be fertilized with base fertilizer of 3-37,000 grams per hectare of rotten pig manure or other farm manure with corresponding fertility. Topdressing adopts the principle of heavy, light and heavy fertilization, topdressing 5-25000 kg of human feces and urine or 220-300 kg of urea (called seedling-raising fertilizer) 12-15 days after planting to promote effective tillering; topdressing at the peak tillering stage to prevent premature senescence, generally applying 450-1500 kg urea per hectare The amount of topdressing before pregnancy should be large before and after the middle of August in order to promote the expansion of fleshy tender stems and increase the per unit yield of Zizania caduciflora. Generally, it is called Zizania caduciflora fertilizer, which is 22 ~ 30,000 kg of human fecal urine or 220,300 kg of urea per hectare.

To promote Zizania latifolia fertilizer topdressing should be cautious and timely, fertilization is too early, the plant is not yet pregnant, increase ineffective tillering; too much fertilization leads to excessive growth, greedy green plants, less effective tillering and postponement of Zizania latifolia, and seriously make the whole field male Zizania caduciflora; fertilization is too little and too late, can not meet the needs of pregnant Zizania latifolia, small Zizania latifolia, poor quality and low yield. It was generally applied 5-7 days before the first batch of pregnant plants. For the two-cropping Zizania latifolia planted in autumn, the growth period is short, and the basic fertilizer must be sufficient. Generally, 37-60 000 kg of farm manure is applied per hectare, and 3-37000 kg of human feces and urine or 3 700-4 500 kg of urea are applied once per hectare 10-12 days after planting, so as to promote early tillering and tidiness and pregnancy before the temperature is below 25 ℃. For the old Zizania caduciflora field in the second year after planting, the fertilization method of the first mature Zizania latifolia is the same as above, but the double-cropping Zizania latifolia has only 3 months from sprouting to pregnant, so fertilization technology is the key to strive for high yield. 3 ~ 37000 kg of farm manure was applied per hectare before Qingming Festival, and topdressing was mainly rapid and repeated twice: 3.7 ~ 45000 kg of human fecal urine or 300,370kg of urea when the seedling was about 10 cm high, and 22,000 ~ 30000 kg of human fecal urine or 220,300kg of urea was applied for the second time in the first 5 days of pregnancy (usually after the Beginning of Summer). The topdressing of new and old Zizania caduciflora fields should be based on available organic fertilizer; if human feces and urine are insufficient, urea can be used instead. The shallow water layer should be properly placed when fertilizing, and the water should be added to the original water level 2-4 days after fertilization, so as to facilitate the fertilizer to be absorbed into the soil. Prevent burns of leaves when fertilizing. In terms of water layer management, spring planting of Zizania caduciflora adopts the principle of shallow, deep and shallow irrigation. From planting to early tillering, keep the shallow water layer 3-4 cm, which is easy to increase the water temperature to promote rooting and effective tillering. In the middle stage of tillering (more than 20 tillers per pier), the water layer deepened to 8 cm to inhibit ineffective tillers.

When the high temperature exceeds 35 ℃ in midsummer, it should be cooled by proper deep irrigation and water should be changed regularly to prevent rotting roots caused by soil anoxia. However, the highest water level should not exceed "Zizania caduciflora", so the tissue is tender and the disease is easy to invade. In addition, if the water level is too high, the bolting tube will elongate and lodge easily. From late tillering to pre-pregnancy, keep the water layer 1215cm in order to reduce the water temperature, control the late tillering and promote early pregnancy. The water layer of Zizania caduciflora deepens to 18-20 cm during pregnancy to prevent direct sunlight, ensure the whiteness and tenderness of Zizania caduciflora, and improve its quality. During the harvest period and overwintering period, the Zizania caduciflora field should be kept in a shallow water layer of 3 cm or 5 cm or moist. When planting Zizania caduciflora in autumn and returning to seedling stage, keep the shallow water layer 3cm, deepen the water layer to 8cm at tillering stage, keep water layer 15cm at pregnancy, and manage water and fertilizer as above during harvest and overwintering. The water layer management of the old Zizania latifolia field is similar to that of the new Zizania latifolia field planted in spring. From the sprouting stage to the tillering stage in spring, the water layer should be kept at 3cm and 8cm from the late tillering stage to the pregnant stage, and the redundant small tillering seedlings should be pulled out at the same time.

Zizania caduciflora field management

In the early growth stage of Zizania caduciflora, the temperature is low, the growth is slow, and there are numerous aquatic weeds. The field should be cultivated and weeded for 2 times before tillering. After the emergence of the old Zizania caduciflora field or the planting of the new Zizania caduciflora field, it is found that dead seedlings and lack of seedlings should be replanted in time. If there are too many tillers in the field in the middle stage of tillering, the small tillers that are too dense should be pulled out so that the tillers of the whole pier should be controlled within 25. In the later stage of tillering, the yellow leaves should be removed in time, the small tiller seedlings should be pulled out and stepped into the mud to enhance the ventilation and light transmission of Zizania caduciflora field. When the autumn Zizania latifolia was harvested in the first year, the plants of Zizania latifolia and Zizania latifolia were found and marked at any time. After Cold Dew and Frosts Descent, the roots of Zizania latifolia were dug up. After the beginning of winter, Qi Mu cut off the dead leaves to make the seedlings emerge neatly and evenly in the second year. In the rural areas of the south, there is a habit of burning withered leaves at the pier of Zizania latifolia after the Beginning of Winter, which is believed to avoid the occurrence of gray and male Zizania latifolia next year. In fact, in order to completely get rid of Zizania latifolia and male Zizania latifolia, we must dig up their roots and burn Zizania latifolia piers. After digging up the ash and male Zizania latifolia in the old Zizania caduciflora field, the lack of seedlings should be filled when sprouting in early spring. If the old Zizania latifolia seedlings are too dense, the small and dense tillers should be removed during the Qingming Festival and Grain Rain, leaving a strong tiller every 8 to 10 centimeters square, and pressing a piece of mud to the middle of the Zizania latifolia pier.

Pest control

The main diseases are rust, rice blast, sheath blight, flax leaf spot and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Rust occurs on the front and back of the leaf and on the leaf sheath, and the remnants of the cracks in the marginal epidermis appear from time to time. In the later stage of growth, teliospore piles are formed, gray to black, long strips are not exposed.

The diseased leaves of rice blast began to show strips or fusiform disease spots, and then the whole leaves were scorched, and in severe cases, the whole field was burning. Sheath blight occurs most easily from the tillering stage to the pregnant stage of Zizania caduciflora. At the initial stage of the disease, water-stained dark green oval spots appeared on the leaf sheath, and then enlarged into cloud-like spots. When the disease is serious, the leaves of Zizania caduciflora withered and the flesh of Zizania latifolia is thin.

At the initial stage of the disease, the leaf spot of flax showed a small brown spot of needles, and then gradually expanded into round, oval and fusiform spots, with light brown to dark brown edges, yellowish brown to grayish white in the middle, and sometimes a slight rib, with yellow or yellowish halos on the periphery. In the later stage, the disease spots can heal into blocks and die from the leaf edge or leaf tip along the outer edge, and there are obvious brown layers on both sides of the disease spots, sometimes in the shape of a wheel.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is mostly saprophytic or parasitic on the leaf sheath in the late growth stage of Zizania caduciflora, which harms the leaf sheath and causes water-stained discoloration, withering and yellowing after the formation of significant disease spots, and a large number of small sclerotia grow in the sheath.

The above diseases are caused by high temperature and high humidity. Eliminate bacterial sources, such as cultivating disease-free varieties, burning Zizania caduciflora pier during overwintering, eliminating diseased leaves of diseased plants, changing fields, etc.; increase application of base fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, less nitrogen fertilizer in the middle and later stage, reasonable close planting, shallow irrigation in the early stage, appropriate shelving in the middle stage, etc.; grasp the prevention and control in the early stage of the disease. Sheath blight and rice blast can be treated with carbendazim wettable powder or methyl topiramate 500 times and 800 times, and flax leaf spot can be controlled for 2 times in 10 days. Rust and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum can be controlled 2 times and 3 times continuously in 10 days. Rust and small sclerotiorum can be controlled 2 times in 10 days and 3 times in 10 days. The main pests are Chilo suppressalis, Chilo suppressalis, aphids and leafhoppers. The larvae of Chilo suppressalis and Chilo suppressalis drilled into the flesh of Zizania caduciflora at the young stage and ate the heart leaves and meat, resulting in withered seedlings and waste Zizania caduciflora, which occurred three generations a year.

The biological control method is to remove the weeds on the edge of the field in time, cut off the withered and yellow stems and leaves on the ground in winter, and destroy the overwintering larvae; the drug control method is to sprinkle 3 kg of 50% fenitrothion EC with water of 60 ~ 75,000 kg per hectare, or use Shachongshuang or Chongling spray 2 days before the peak of ant borer hatching.

The damage caused by aphids showed that the leaves sprouted and curled after Zizania caduciflora was damaged, and the control method was to spray 40% dimethoate emulsion 2000 times at the initial stage. Cicada adults and nymphs gather to suck juice on the leaves of Zizania latifolia, causing the leaves to be withered and yellow, which can be sprayed with 40% Suhua 203 emulsion 1000g-1500g and water 1000 kg.